Children Stay at Home for Entertainment Essay Example for Free

Triple Bottom Line Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Triple Bottom Line Approach - Essay Example A firm should give specific consideration to social, ecological and furthermore financial impacts of the activity which is alluded to as corporate social obligation or supportability. Manageability is an idea which means to address all the necessary part of an association which thinks about the innovative work of another item that doesn't utilize non inexhaustible assets; inventiveness and advancement, association attempts to make sense of the methods of limiting waste; showcasing the idea of maintainability just as promoting on the side of some nearby issues or social reason. Consequently, maintainability has become a central market power which is touched off through investors, clients, and partners. A structure which works the maintainability is the Triple Bottom Line Approach (TBL). The Triple Bottom Line simply don't centers around the financial estimation of an association yet in addition on the natural just as social worth the add to an association and furthermore devastates it . The TBL speaks to the economy, society, and the earth. The three frameworks are interrelated with one another; general public relies upon the economy and economy on the environment, which speaks to the main concern (Quinn and Baltes, 2007, p.4). The article starts with a presentation of the occasion, its verifiable foundation, current status and grouping of the event.Next, it manages the partners of the occasion both at the person just as at the authoritative levelsational level. The following piece of the paper examines about the effects that the occasion would have on the natural, financial and social culture in negative and positive manner. The connection between the partners and the effect is investigated lastly an end is driven. The Event The occasion to be talked about in the article is the Pamplolona Bull-running Fiesta. The parties of San Fermin are normally celebrated in Pamplola in the area of Navarra every year from 6 of July to 14 of July. This party is universally per ceived as a result of running of the bulls. This occasion is named as Encierro which happens at the core of San Fermines and makes the occasion display (Spain travel, 2012). Despite the fact that the historical backdrop of bull running in Pamplola isn't clear yet the celebration has begun route, harking back to the 13 century when the occasion occurred in the period of October. The advanced festival has supposed to be developed from the 13 century. In the past the strict celebration of San Fermin was commended with music, moving, markets and bullfighting in 10 of October. Be that as it may, the Pamplola Council had proposed to move the celebration from October to July as the climate was substantially more favorable and bolstered the festival. Therefore till date the date of the festival stayed fixed where the primary bull run begins on seventh of July at about 8am and the keep going on July 14 likewise at 8am. The joining of business, strict and bull battling celebrations and the ne w time and date of activity was first official celebrated in 1591 in San Fermines. In 1591 the festival was very little mainstream as it is today. In the seventeenth and eighteenth

A Russian History Reading List

A Russian History Reading List Every time I start to think I understand Russian history, I remember Tolstoys line in War and Peace: “All we can know is that we know nothing. And thats the height of human wisdom.” Russian history is vast, and complicated, and in light of the state of current foreign affairs and Russias interference in our election, worth at least trying to know something about. But where to start? Id suggest a few works on the background of modern Russian history from the Revolution that ousted tsarist rule, through the Lenin and Stalin periods, then on to the transition to democracy and ending in the Putin era. These are a mix of books I read in political science and history classes while getting an undergrad degree in international studies and more recent releases Ive checked out to try and get a handle on the Russian political sceneâ€"which seems  more important than ever. The Russian Revolution by Sheila Fitzpatrick (2008) This slim volume is a highly readable account of the Russian Revolution that doesnt sacrifice any of the details and extends through Stalins consolidation of power in the 1930s. This serves as a fantastic entry point to Russian politics. The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution  by Dominic Lieven (2015) This book examines the Russian Revolution and WWI from a fresh perspective. Lievens approach is exceptionally detailed, while still offering new reasoning and perspective on why history unfolded as it did. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin  edited byRonald Grigor Suny (2001) This is a  collection of essays that looks at the nationality policy of both Lenin and Stalin. It focuses on minority groups within the Soviet Union and how the Soviet concept of nationality was created, defined, and modified in the early days. Lenins Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire by David Remnick (1993) This is actually one of my favorite books, ever. (No one said I wasnt a nerd). In it, I first read the words that I return to in moments of despair (in which I find myself often  post-election). The quote is from Mikhail Gorbachev, and it is: while I am breathing, I am hoping. Remnick, who is currently the editor of The New Yorker, won a Pulitzer for the incredible reporting that went into this chronicle of the demise of Soviet Russia. He interviewed peasants and Chernobyl survivors and even Gorbachevs high school girlfriend and a CIA agent who defected to the KGB. Its riveting. First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russias President by Vladimir Putin, Nataliya Gevorkyan, Natalya Timakova, and Andrei Kolesnikov (2000) Lets be honest: this is propaganda, but insightful propaganda. When Putin burst onto the political scene in Russia as Yeltsins named successor, the Russian people and the world knew little about him. This collection of interviews sheds light on his early career and is a must-read for anyone trying to understand the figure that has dominated Russian politics for almost two decades. Russias Unfinished Revolution: Political Change From Gorbachev to Putin by Michael McFaul (2001) This Russian history book offers an insider perspective on the transition from post-Communist institutions and the key economic and political policies of the early Putin years. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State by David Satter (2004) Even though this is published by a university press, its a very  readable history of the rise of the criminal influence in Russian government following the downfall of the Soviet Union. Satter really uses his understanding of Russian psychology gained by years as the Moscow correspondent for the Wall Street Journal to give insight into what happened and why. Satter has many books on Russia, and those interested in diving deep into the subject matter should explore more. The Man without a Face by Masha Gessen (2012) There are many books that chronicle Putins policies (and crimes), but this one puts them in a more personal context, and is more readable for it. The Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice by Bill Browder (2015) This book uses  the story of a man who tried to investigate the corruption of Russian officials to illustrate the reality of Russian politics. Rather than helping to put the  criminals behind bars, he died in prison. Its as chilling and sinister as any suspense novel of shady dealings, political machinations, and murderâ€"and this one is true, and instead of shocking, it represents business as usual in Russian politics. Putin’s Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?  by Karen Dawisha (2014) This book exposes so much of the Putins shadiness it was only published in the US and not in the UK, where libel laws take the burden of proof off the plaintiff. Dawishas book is meticulously researched, and shows how the Russian government became a front for organized crime. If youre thinking, it cant really be THAT corrupt read this and decide for yourself. The Invention of Russia: From Gorbachevs Freedom to Putins War  by  Arkady Ostrovsky (2016) If the parallels between Putin and Trump are alarming to you, this is the book Id recommend you read. Ostrovsky, as a Economist  correspondent, had a front row seat to Russias shift from seemingly embracing democratic, free-market capitalism to embracing rhetoric of a populist nationalism. Putin Country: A Journey into the Real Russia  by  Anne Garrels (2016) Like many recent books (and current bestsellers) probe the rural experience in America, this work looks at the Russia outside of Moscow, the cultural, economic, and political center of the vast country. Garrels visits  Chelyabinsk, a industrial city a thousand miles outside of the capitol, and interviews everyone from upwardly mobile white-collar workers to prostitutes and peasants, painting a picture of all the various subcultures that are not so different from those that populate Middle America. All the Kremlin’s Men by Mikhail Zygar (2016)  This recently published book by the chief editor of the opposition TV station  paints a different picture of how much power and control Putin actually has, and makes readers question who is really behind the strategy, or if there is any strategy at all. These books are just a beginning point to truly understand Russian history and politics, and Im no expert or scholar, just an interested and concerned reader. Do you have suggestions for further reading? Leave them in the comments. Find even more of our Russian book recommendations here. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Discovery Of The Atomic Bomb - 2431 Words

Upon securing victory in Japan, whatever relief the American people felt from winning WWII was tempered by the realization that science had just created a weapon that could wipe nations off the face of the earth. The atomic bomb, if other countries obtained the technology, could bring about a nuclear holocaust. This fear of technology could have stymied scientific progress post WWII. However, going into the Cold War, people once again put their hope in science and looked at scientific progress as a measure of whether they were beating the Soviet Union. This was most evident in the space race, as both countries invested large amounts of resources into their space programs. Somehow, both countries had decided that scientific research for going into space would be the frontier upon which they would fight their indirect war. Accordingly, it is important to realize that space had already begun to capture the public’s imagination well before the space race began. Though WWII showcased the weaponization of science, science popularizers such as Isaac Asimov wondered how those weapons could be repurposed into tools to help people. In his Foundation series, the first story being published in 1942, Asimov describes mankind thousands of years in the future as a spacefaring people that has expanded their civilization to the far reaches of space. He saw nuclear bombs not as a weapon for destruction, but as a source of energy for powering spaceships that would allow humans to colonizeShow MoreRelatedA Scientific Breakthrough That Changed The Face Of International And Domestic Warfare Forever1614 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational and domestic warfare forever was named the Manhattan Project (1942). The Manhattan Project (1942) was under the direction of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. Its focus was to creat e a bomb using the expulsion of atomic energy. This secret operation where they built and assembled the first atomic bomb was located in Los Alamos, New Mexico. With the creation of such a device of destruction no one imaged it would lead to the deaths of almost 300,000 Japanese people. With such a huge breakthroughRead MoreEssay about Enrico Fermi and the Development of the Atomic Bomb1013 Words   |  5 PagesEnrico Fermi and the Development of the Atomic Bomb The 20th century saw many important discoveries which impacted people worldwide. Great discoveries were made in the realm of science and technology which lead to the atomic age. One of the leading pioneers in the area of physics was Enrico Fermi. Without his contributions, the atomic bomb may not have been developed or would have possibly been postponed. Enrico Fermi was born into a family who had enough money to live comfortably. FermiRead MoreHiroshim The World Bomb1520 Words   |  7 PagesRotter, Andrew J. Hiroshima: The World’s Bomb. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. The choice to use an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were two of the biggest decisions that were made in the twentieth century and the effects were felt all around the world. Andrew J. Rotter, the author, â€Å"Hiroshima: The World’s Bomb† is a Professor of History at Colgate University who specialized in recent US history and the Vietnam War. He has also written on United State-Asian relations during the twentiethRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesthe effects of the atomic bombing, impacting Japanese lives. These attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains one of the most infamous tragedies in history because of the large number of casualties that shattered Japan’s invincibility, leading to the Nuclear Era. Forecast: The focus of this speech is to provide knowledge of Japanese casualties, invincibility and the evolution of the Nuclear Era. Body Paragraph #1: Seventy-one years ago, Japanese destruction of cities by bombs caused a large numberRead MoreThe Consequences Of Great Power1224 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrates the prominent role nuclear weapons had by discussing the battle for superiority between the rivals, ignorance of the potential consequences, and events, such as the bombing of Hiroshima, Soviet Union’s creation of the atomic bomb, and BRAVO. The development of the atomic bomb was an advancement in military technology. It was unlike any other weapon ever created. According to an American strategist, Bernard Brodie, â€Å"They were several million times more potent on a pound-for-pound basis than theRead MoreAlbert Einstein s Theory Of Relativity And The Father Of The Atomic Age1174 Words   |  5 Pagesscientific community, but for the entire world, it is easy to label him as one of the most qualified candidates. Throughout his career, he developed many names for himself. Most notably, he was known as the father of relativity and the father of the atomic age. These two titles alone speak volumes about his achievements and contributions to science, but it is important to examine how he got his name in the history books, and how he made such a big name for himself in his seventy six years of life. MostRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdropping of the atomic bombs in Japan was a very helpfu l source for the United States during the WWII. President Truman, took the responsibility of dropping and creation of the atomic bomb. For the reason that The United States was seeking revenge on Japan for the attack at Pearl Harbor. The atomic bomb caused a high number of innocent Japanese deaths and also awful sickness. The atomic bombs left a big impact in the Japanese empire; also effected the Japanese at the time of the atomic bomb and the generationRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The Bombing Of Hiroshima1150 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted with the scientific discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, and theorists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. Nuclear Fission was the theory that if a neutron was fired at an atom of radioactive isotopes, such as uranium or plutonium, it would split the atom causing a chain reaction which releases massive amounts of energy and heat. A few y ears before the discovery of nuclear fission, A HungarianRead MoreThe Discovery of Radioactivity and its Effects Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pagesamongst scientist during this time period. With the discovery of new elements polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie, the use of radioactivity to probe the center of an atom, provided the instructions of a nuclear weapon that will kill innocent Japanese, leaving there face disfigured, and permanently changed. The majority of people know of the effect of radioactivity but not how it was discovered and its close relation to physics. The discovery of radioactivity can also be referred to the dawnRead MoreThe End Of World War II1684 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed their talents and expertise to the development of America’s atomic bomb; the end of this war and the lead-up to the Cold War was also a time of great anxiety. The creation of the bomb led them to one conclusion that any future war could bring the end of the world as they knew it. Harold C. Urey was one of the scientists that believed that we should fear the bomb. He wanted the government to monitor the usage of the bomb and to place strict policies so that we will not use it unless there

Parent Interview - 1049 Words

Parent Interview The parent interviewed is middle aged mother of two, which both are in their late twenties. She informed me that prior to having children she thought that she would never experience the joy of motherhood. Mrs. Digat married young at seventeen years of age and longed to have a family of her own. Unfortunately, pregnancy did not come easily. She saw countless doctors and underwent numerous procedures in effort to become a mother. There was nothing she wanted more out of life that to have her own little bundle of joy. Many years came and went without a baby that she so desired; Mother’s Day was especially difficult to endure. Then, unexpectedly after thirteen years of trying she became pregnant. This was the beginning of a†¦show more content†¦She knew right away that when she had a family, she would make sure that her children received an education at any cost. If I were to work with Mrs. Digat on counseling her parental skills, I would employ Cognitive Behav ioral Therapy for several reasons. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do. I appreciate that it is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, and events. The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel / act better even if the situation does not change. I believe this idea gives the client a sense of empowerment over their life and its outcome. By changing the way we think regardless of our surroundings produces harmony in our lives. This form of therapy instills in clients to be self-sufficient by focusing on teaching rational self-counseling skills; clients change because they learn how to think differently and they act on that learning. CBT therapists do not tell their clients what to do, rather, they teach their clients how to do it. This therapy challenges client’s irrational belief s by gearing them to use rational thinking that it is based on fact. Often, we upset ourselves about things when, in fact, the situation isn t like we think it is. Lastly, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a collaborativeShow MoreRelatedInterview With A Parent Interview Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesValentine PSY 122-81 05 October 2016 Parent Interview I chose to interview three family members in order to evaluate similarities and differences on experiences on what it’s like to be a parent. I believe that there is no right or wrong way to define what family is, but the definition of family comes with a wide range of beliefs about parenting and what it means to be â€Å"good parents† to their children. Every person is different and when it comes to every parent, they have their own style of parentingRead MoreParent Observation and Interview2056 Words   |  8 PagesFor the parent observation and interview I had to really think about who to choose because of many reason: such as not wanting to offend someone or a person not being as reliable as others. In the end I decided to observe my mother and sister Tiana. My mother is a third generation immigrant to the united states with only two female children. She had me when she was nineteen years old in Guyana. My sister was born seventeen years later in England to her curr ent husband, making Tiana his fifth childRead MoreParent Interview : Family Interview1077 Words   |  5 Pages Parent Interview During my parent interview many of the parents had a different idea of what was stimulating for their child. All the parents, however, realized the importance of stimulating their child during play especially as an infant. The parent’s children ranged from six months to 5 years old (Derryberry, Boster, Lashae, 2015). This also shows that the parent can have varying opinion based on what their child needs in that particular developmental period. All the parents were extremely concernedRead MoreInterview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs1366 Words   |  6 Pagesable to have a bright future. She hopes that one day her daughter will not require extra support and that she will overcome her speech delay. After conducting this interview, it really became clear how difficult it is for a parent to hear that their child might have special needs. In talking with this mother, it became clear how parents might sometimes blame themselves for their child’s difficulty or might not fully understand the process. This can cause embarrassment and fear for them. The adviceRead MoreWhy I Should Interview With My Parents1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhen deciding whom to interview for this paper relating back to the topics learned this semester it was clear I should interview my parents Marla and Mike due to there overwhelming experiences with the topics discussed this semester. Marla is forty-six and used to deliver babies therefor making her a full time working women, and Mike is forty seven and also has a full time job. Both were college educated, and grew up in what was known as the typical American family home. Many things were discussedRead MoreInterview And Reaction Paper : Interviewing Your Parents1345 Words   |  6 PagesSherilyn Queen PSYC 3260 Interview and Reaction Paper: Interviewing Your Parents Throughout one’s life, numerous sources can influence one’s perception of different people, concepts, and cultures. One of the most powerful influences, especially throughout childhood, is the family. As an adolescent, many of the opinions and views they have will be similar to, if not the same as, their parents’ because children are highly impressionable, and their parents have significant control over the informationRead MoreA Hypothetical Interview With Parents of a Child With Special Needs2429 Words   |  10 PagesHypothetical Interview with Parents of a Special Needs Child A Hypothetical Interview with Parents of Special Needs Child Discuss the family background and history briefly--pregnancy, birth, infancy, toddlerhood, preschool with associated milestones. Mother: We tried for several months to get pregnant before we were successful. We both were reluctant to try for a child again because of a traumatic miscarriage I experienced several years prior. We both really wanted to be parents and made a toughRead MoreEssay on Parent Interview of a Special Needs Child1505 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship with her daughter’s speech therapist and really enjoys working with her. She reports to feeling grateful that her daughter has some is able to giver her extra support because she is not always able to do to the demands of being a single parent. The mother reports that she can sometime become frustrated that her child requires extra support because of the different aspects involved which she sometimes has difficulty understanding such IEP reviews. She reports feeling bad sometimes and doesRead MoreHiring Effective Teachers Based On An Interview1636 Words   |  7 PagesHiring effective teachers based on an interview continues to be a major challenge for principals in schools across the country (Staiger Rockoff, 2010; Vanderslice, 2010). Determining who the best teachers are out of a large pool of teaching applicants is difficult, and if principals cannot identify effective teachers during an interview, the risk of having an ineffective teacher in the classroom increases (Staiger Rockoff, 2010). Determining interview criteria and questions is very importantRead MoreThree Interviews Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesFrom these interviews, I was able to distinguish each of their own perspectives. Each interview was like a puzzle. I put each of their answers to together and found what makes family values so important. The main argument of my interviews is that family values are crucial. They help shape and build our character. As stated by my mother, Debra Franckowiak, â€Å"Family values are like building blocks of a young person’s life. At an early age, we learn our values from our parents. Parents are the role

Bridge Construction Free Essays

string(135) " Girder Design Chart 3 Splices are generally required for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece\." LRFD Design Example for December 2003 FHWA NHI-04-041 Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge Prepared for FHWA / National Highway Institute Washington, DC US Units Prepared by Michael Baker Jr Inc Moon Township, Pennsylvania Development of a Comprehensive Design Example for a Steel Girder Bridge with Commentary Design Process Flowcharts for Superstructure and Substructure Designs Prepared by Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. November 2003 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Bridge Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. 5. Recipient’s Catalog No. Report Date FHWA NHI – 04-041 Title and Subtitle LRFD Design Example for Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge with Commentary 7. Author (s) December 2003 6. Performing Organization Code Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. , Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. , William A. Amrhein, P. E. , S. E. , Scott D. Zang, P. E. , Justin W. Bouscher, E. I. T. , Laura E. Volle, E. I. T. 8. Performing Organization Report No. B25285 001 0200 HRS 10. 11. 13. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Contract or Grant No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. Related reading: Padma Bridge Paragraph Airside Business Park, 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA 15108 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address DTFH61-02-D-63001 Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration National Highway Institute (HNHI-10) 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 800 Arlington, Virginia 22203 15. Supplementary Notes Final Submission August 2002 – December 2003 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Baker Principle Investigator: Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. Baker Project Managers: Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. and Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. FHWA Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative: Thomas K. Saad, P. E. Team Leader, Technical Review Team: Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim, Ph. D. , P. E. 16. Abstract This document consists of a comprehensive steel girder bridge design example, with instructional commentary based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (Second Edition, 1998, including interims for 1999 through 2002). The design example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge design engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and is offered in both US Customary Units and Standard International Units. This project includes a detailed outline and a series of flowcharts that serve as the basis for the design example. The design example includes detailed design computations for the following bridge features: concrete deck, steel plate girder, bolted field splice, shear connectors, bearing stiffeners, welded connections, elastomeric bearing, cantilever abutment and wingwall, hammerhead pier, and pile foundations. To make this reference user-friendly, the numbers and titles of the design steps are consistent between the detailed outline, the flowcharts, and the design example. In addition to design computations, the design example also includes many tables and figures to illustrate the various design procedures and many AASHTO references. AASHTO references are presented in a dedicated column in the right margin of each page, immediately adjacent to the corresponding design procedure. The design example also includes commentary to explain the design logic in a user-friendly way. Additionally, tip boxes are used throughout the design example computations to present useful information, common practices, and rules of thumb for the bridge designer. Tips do not explain what must be done based on the design specifications; rather, they present suggested alternatives for the designer to consider. A figure is generally provided at the end of each design step, summarizing the design results for that particular bridge element. The analysis that served as the basis for this design example was performed using the AASHTO Opis software. A sample input file and selected excerpts from the corresponding output file are included in this document. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Bridge Design, Steel Girder, Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD, Concrete Deck, Bolted Field Splice, Hammerhead Pier, Cantilever Abutment, Wingwall, Pile Foundation 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) This report is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia 22161 and from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Form DOT F 1700. 7 (8-72) Unclassified 644 Reproduction of completed page authorized This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express appreciation to the Illinois Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transportation, and Mr. Mike Grubb, BSDI, for providing expertise on the Technical Review Committee. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of the following staff members at Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. : Tracey A. Anderson Jeffrey J. Campbell, P. E. James A. Duray, P. E. John A. Dziubek, P. E. David J. Foremsky, P. E. Maureen Kanfoush Herman Lee, P. E. Joseph R. McKool, P. E. Linda Montagna V. Nagaraj, P. E. Jorge M. Suarez, P. E. Scott D. Vannoy, P. E. Roy R. Weil Ruth J. Williams Table of Contents 1. Flowcharting Conventions 2. Flowcharts Main Flowchart Chart 1 – General Information Chart 2 – Concrete Deck Design Chart 3 – Steel Girder Design Chart 4 – Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 5 – Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 6 – Bearing Design Chart 7 – Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 8 – Pier Design Chart P – Pile Foundation Design Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Flowcharting Conventions Start A process may have an entry point from more than one path. An arrowhead going into a process signifies an entry point. Unique sequence identifier Process description Reference Process A Design Step # Chart # or AASHTO Reference Unless the process is a decision, there is only one exit point. A line going out of a process signifies an exit point. Commentary to provide additional information about the decision or process. Flowchart reference or article in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Supplemental Information No Decision Yes Process Design Step # Chart # or AASHTO Reference Go to Other Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Splices are generally required for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece. You read "Bridge Construction" in category "Essay examples" Yes No Are girder splices required? Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart (Continued) A Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Design Step 7 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Design Step 8 Pier Design Chart 8 Design Step 9 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Design Step 10 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Note: Design Step P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart Chart 1 Start Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 1. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Includes: Governing specifications, codes, and standards Design methodology Live load requirements Bridge width requirements Clearance requirements Bridge length requirements Material properties Future wearing surface Load modifiers Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 1. 2 Obtain Geometry Requirements Design Step 7 Includes: Horizontal curve data and alignment Vertical curve data and grades Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Design Step 10 Does client require a Span Arrangement Study? No Includes: Select bridge type Determine span arrangement Determine substructure locations Compute span lengths Check horizontal clearance Design Step 1. 3 Perform Span Arrangement Study Design Step 1. 3 Select Bridge Type and Develop Span Arrangement Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart (Continued) Chart 1 Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 A Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 1. 4 Yes Obtain Geotechnical Recommendations Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Includes: Boring logs Foundation type recommendations for all substructures Allowable bearing pressure Allowable settlement Overturning Sliding Allowable pile resistance (axial and lateral) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Yes Does client require a Type, Size and Location Study? No Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Includes: Select steel girder types Girder spacing Approximate girder depth Check vertical clearance Design Step 1. 5 Perform Type, Size and Location Study Design Step 1. 5 Determine Optimum Girder Configuration Design Step 1. 6 Plan for Bridge Aesthetics S2. 5. 5 Considerations include: Function Proportion Harmony Order and rhythm Contrast and texture Light and shadow Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart Chart 2 Start Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Includes: Girder spacing Number of girders Top and bottom cover Concrete strength Reinforcing steel strength Concrete density Future wearing surface Concrete parapet properties Applicable load combinations Resistance factors To compute the effective span length, S, assume a girder top flange width that is conservatively smaller than anticipated. The deck overhang region is required to be designed to have a resistance larger than the actual resistance of the concrete parapet. Based on Design Steps 2. 3 and 2. 4 and based on client standards. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 2 Determine Minimum Slab Thickness S2. 5. 2. 6. 3 S9. 7. 1. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 3 Determine Minimum Overhang Thickness S13. 7. 3. 1. 2 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. Select Slab and Overhang Thickness Design Step 10 Yes Equivalent Strip Method? (S4. 6. 2) No Other deck design methods are presented in S9. 7. Design Step 2. 5 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 S3. 4. 1 Includes moments for component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchar t (Continued) Chart 2 A Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 6 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1. 3 S3. 4. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Design Step 2. 7 Compute Factored Positive and Negative Design Moments S4. 6. 2. 1 Considerations include: Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Multiple presence factor (S3. 6. 1. 1. 2) AASHTO moment table for equivalent strip method (STable A4. 1-1) No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 8 Design for Positive Flexure in Deck S5. 7. 3 Resistance factor for flexure is found in S5. 5. 4. 2. 1. See also S5. 7. 2. 2 and S5. 7. 3. 3. 1. Generally, the bottom transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. The live load negative moment is calculated at the design section to the right and to the left of each interior girder, and the extreme value is applicable to all design sections (S4. 6. 2. 1. 1). Generally, the top transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 9 Design Step 7 Check for Positive Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 S5. 7. 1 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. 10 Design for Negative Flexure in Deck S4. 6. 2. 1 S5. 7. 3 Design Step 10 Design Step 2. 11 Check for Negative Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 S5. 7. 1 Design Step 2. 12 Design for Flexure in Deck Overhang S5. 7. 3. 4, S5. 7. 1 SA13. 4 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 For concrete parapets, the case of vertical collision never controls. B Design Case 1 Design Overhang for Horizontal Vehicular Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 2 Design Overhang for Vertical Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 3 Design Overhang for Dead Load and Live Load SA13. 4. 1 Check at Case Inside Face 1A of Parapet Check at Case Design 1B Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 1C Section in First Span Check at Case Design 3A Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 3B Section in First Span As(Overhang) = maximum of the above five reinforcing steel areas Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Yes Design Step 3 As(Overhang) As(Deck)? No No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Use As(Overhang) in overhang. Use As(Deck) in overhang. Check for Cracking in Overhang under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 S5. 7. 1 The overhang reinforcing steel must satisfy both the overhang requirements and the deck requirements. Design Step 5 Design Step 2. 13 Design Step 6 Does not control the design in most cases. Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 2. 14 Compute Overhang Cut-off Length Requirement S5. 11. 1. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: C FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 C Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 15 Compute Overhang Development Length S5. 11. 2 Appropriate correction factors must be included. Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 2. 16 Design Bottom Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S9. 7. 3. 2 Design Step 3 Compute Effective Span Length, S, in accordance with S9. 7. 2. 3. Based on temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 17 Design Top Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S5. 0. 8. 2 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 18 Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Continuous steel girders? No Design Step 10 For simple span precast girders made continuous for live load, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S5. 14. 1. 2. 7. For continuous steel girders, design top longitudinal reinforcement over pi ers according to S6. 10. 3. 7. Design Step 2. 19 Draw Schematic of Final Concrete Deck Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart Chart 3 Start Includes project specific design criteria (such as span configuration, girder configuration, initial spacing of cross frames, material properties, and deck slab design) and design criteria from AASHTO (such as load factors, resistance factors, and multiple presence factors). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed A Design Step 3. 2 Select Trial Girder Section Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Composite section? No Considerations include: Sequence of loading (S6. 10. 3. 1. 1a) Effective flange width (S4. 6. 2. 6) Design Step 10 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Composite Girder S6. 10. 3. 1 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Noncomposite Girder S6. 10. 3. 3 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 B Includes component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 4 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3. 5 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1 Considerations include: LL distribution factors (S4. . 2. 2) Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Includes load factors and load combinations for strength, service, and fatigue limit states. Considerations include: General proportions (6. 10. 2. 1) Web slenderness (6. 10. 2. 2) Flange proportions (6. 10. 2. 3) Go to: A No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment an d Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 3. Combine Load Effects S3. 4. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 3. 7 Check Section Proportion Limits S6. 10. 2 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Are section proportions adequate? Yes Go to: C No FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 C Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes No Composite section? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 8 Compute Plastic Moment Capacity S6. 10. 3. 1. 3 Appendix A6. 1 Considerations include: Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness (N only) Compression flange bracing (N only) Ductility (P only) Plastic forces and neutral axis (P only) Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. (Flexural resistance in terms of stress) Considerations include: Computations at end panels and interior panels for stiffened or partially stiffened girders Computation of shear resistance Check D/tw for shear Check web fatigue stress (S6. 10. 6. 4) Check handling requirements Check nominal shear resistance for constructability (S6. 10. 3. 2. 3) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 D Design Step 3. 9 Determine if Section is Compact or Noncompact S6. 10. 4. 1 Design Step 10 Yes Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. 4 (Flexural resistance in terms of moment) Compact section? No Design Step 3. 10 Design Step 3. 0 Design Step 3. 11 Design for Shear S6. 10. 7 Note: P denotes Positive Flexure. N denotes Negative Flexure. Go to: E FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 E No Transverse intermediate stiffeners? If no stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of an unstiffened web. Design includes: Select single-plate or double-plate Compute projecting width, moment of inertia, and area Check slenderness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 2) Check stiffness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 3) Check strength requirements (S6. 0. 8. 1. 4) If no longitudinal stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of either an unstiffened or a transversely stiff ened web, as applicable. Design includes: Determine required locations Select stiffener sizes Compute projecting width and moment of inertia Check slenderness requirements Check stiffness requirements Yes Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 12 Design Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed No Longitudinal stiffeners? Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 13 Design Longitudinal Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 3 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: F FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 F No Is stiffened web most cost effective? Yes Use unstiffened web in steel girder design. Use stiffened web in steel girder design. Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3. 14 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design for Flexure Fatigue and Fracture Limit State S6. 6. 1. 2 S6. 10. 6 No Are girder splices required? Yes Check: Fatigue load (S3. 6. 1. 4) Load-induced fatigue (S6. 6. 1. 2) Fatigue requirements for webs (S6. 10. 6) Distortion induced fatigue Fracture Compute: Live load deflection (optional) (S2. 5. 2. 6. 2) Permanent deflection (S6. 10. 5) Check: Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness Compression flange bracing Shear Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 15 Design for Flexure Service Limit State S2. 5. 2. 6. 2 S6. 10. 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 16 Design for Flexure Constructibility Check S6. 10. 3. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: G FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 5 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 G Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 17 Check Wind Effects on Girder Flanges S6. 10. 3. 5 Design Step 1 Refer to Design Step 3. 9 for determination of compact or noncompact section. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Have all positive and negative flexure design sections been checked? No Go to: D (and repeat flexural checks) Design Step 5 Yes Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Were all specification checks satisfied, and is the girder optimized? No Go to: A Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Yes Design Step 3. 18 Draw Schematic of Final Steel Girder Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 6 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart Chart 4 Start Includes: Splice location Girder section properties Material and bolt properties Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 4. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design Step 4. 2 Select Girder Section as Basis for Field Splice Design S6. 13. 6. 1. 1 Design bolted field splice based on the smaller adjacent girder section (S6. 13. 6. 1. 1). No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Left Design Step 5 Which adjacent girder section is smaller? Right Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design bolted field splice based on left adjacent girder section properties. Design bolted field splice based on right adjacent girder section properties. Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 4. 3 Compute Flange Splice Design Loads 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Includes: Girder moments Strength stresses and forces Service stresses and forces Fatigue stresses and forces Controlling and noncontrolling flange Construction moments and shears Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 Check: Yielding / fracture of splice plates Block shear rupture resistance (S6. 13. 4) Shear of flange bolts Slip resistance Minimum spacing (6. 13. 2. 6. 1) Maximum spacing for sealing (6. 13. 2. 6. 2) Maximum pitch for stitch bolts (6. 13. 2. 6. 3) Edge distance (6. 13. 2. 6. 6) Bearing at bolt holes (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1) Control of permanent deflection (6. 10. 5. 2) A Design Step 4. 4 Design Bottom Flange Splice 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 4. 5 Yes Design Top Flange Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Check: Refer to Design Step 4. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 4. 6 Design Step 7 Compute Web Splice Design Loads S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 8 Check: Girder shear forces Shear resistance for strength Web moments and horizontal force resultants for strength, service and fatigue Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 B Check: Bolt shear strength Shear yielding of splice plate (6. 13. 5. 3) Fracture on the net section (6. 13. 4) Block shear rupture resistance (6. 13. 4) Flexural yielding of splice plates Bearing resistance (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1. 2. 2) Both the top and bottom flange splices must be designed, and they are designed using the same procedures. Are both the top and bottom flange splice designs completed? No Go to: A Design Step 4. 7 Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Web Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Do all bolt patterns satisfy all specifications? No Go to: A Yes Design Step 4. 8 Draw Schematic of Final Bolted Field Splice Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart Chart 5 Start No Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Composite section? For a composite section, shear connectors are required to develop composite action between the steel girder and the concrete deck. Design includes: Shear connector details (type, length, diameter, transverse spacing, cover, penetration, and pitch) Design for fatigue resistance (S6. 10. 7. 4. 2) Check for strength limit state (positive and negative flexure regions) (S6. 10. 7. 4. 4) Design includes: Determine required locations (abutments and interior supports) Select stiffener sizes and arrangement Compute projecting width and effective section Check bearing resistance Check axial resistance Check slenderness requirements (S6. 9. 3) Check nominal compressive resistance (S6. 9. 2. 1 and S6. 9. 4. ) Design Step 1 Yes Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 5. 1 Yes Design Shear Connectors S6. 10. 7. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Design St ep 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 2 Design Bearing Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 2 Design Step 10 Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 A Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Design Welded Connections Step 5. 3 S6. 13. 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design includes: Determine required locations Determine weld type Compute factored resistance (tension, compression, and shear) Check effective area (required and minimum) Check minimum effective length requirements To determine the need for diaphragms or cross frames, refer to S6. . 4. 1. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 No Are diaphragms or cross frames required? Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 5. 4 Design Cross-frames S6. 7. 4 Go to: B Design includes: Obtain required locations and spacing (determined during girder design) Design cross frames over supports and intermediate cross frames Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check stability of girder compression flanges during erection Check distribution of vertical loads applied to structure Design cross frame members Design connections FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 B Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 No Is lateral bracing required? To determine the need for lateral bracing, refer to S6. 7. 5. 1. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Yes No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5. 5 Design Lateral Bracing S6. 7. 5 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design includes: Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check control of deformation during erection and placement of deck Design bracing members Design connections Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 6 Compute Girder Camber S6. 7. 2 Design Step 10 Return to Main Flowchart Compute the following camber components: Camber due to dead load of structural steel Camber due to dead load of concrete deck Camber due to superimposed dead load Camber due to vertical profile Residual camber (if any) Total camber FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bearing Design Flowchart Chart 6 Start Includes: Movement (longitudinal and transverse) Rotation (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Loads (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 6. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 6. 2 Select Optimum Bearing Type S14. 6. 2 See list of bearing types and selection criteria in AASHTO Table 14. 6. 2-1. Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Steelreinforced elastomeric bearing? No Design selected bearing type in accordance with S14. 7. Includes: Pad length Pad width Thickness of elastomeric layers Number of steel reinforcement layers Thickness of steel reinforcement layers Edge distance Material properties Method A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control (SC14. 7. 5. 1). Note: Method A is described in S14. 7. 6. Method B is described in S14. 7. 5. Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 A How to cite Bridge Construction, Essay examples

The European Renaissance Essay Thesis Example For Students

The European Renaissance Essay Thesis The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. The Renaissance was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church held most of the power and its economy was agriculturally based. Exploration and learning was almost put to a stop. During the Renaissance society was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. Also, peoples curiosity overcame their fear and many people started to venture out and explore. New schools and colleges became more and more common. The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan ,and Venice. Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist. Humanism was subjects concerned with humankind and culture. We will write a custom essay on The European Renaissance Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They studied various things such as Latin, Greek anguage, literature and philosophy. Music and mathematics were also studied as well. The Renaissance gave way to new forms of painting , art and sculpture. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathematics with art , in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and proportionally. As a result painters tried and often succeeded into making their painting a window nto the world. Artists also studied the way light hits objects and the way our eyes perceive light. A new kind of paint called oil paint was used. This allowed the artist to create texture , mix colors, and allow more time for corrections before it dried. The printing press was probably the most important advance in technology. Europeans first used movable metal type to print a book. On small pieces of metal they engraved single letters of the alphabet. These could then be arranged and rearranged to form words and sentences. Johan Gutenberg is usually given credit for the first ook printed, a copy of the Bible. By the 1500s printing presses where fairly well spread. The printing press had many effects on the world. First of all, it made books much easier to come by, which made them cheaper. That meant common people could afford them. As a result literacy became more widespread, in contrast to the Middle Ages where usually monks and church officials were the only able to read. Second, since many more people were able to read, they wanted to read subjects other than religious or scientific work. So books on other subjects were published as well. Also many books were published in anguages other than Latin, such as English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Italian. A third effect was that scholars had better access to one anothers work. They could also read the great works of the ancient and medieval periods. The Renaissance also had an effect on the general society. Many people became interested in politics. Also, people became interested in the world outside of their towns. Many became explorers, merchants, and map makers. Religion especially changed during the Renaissance. In the Middle ages people were primarily concerned with serving the church and getting to heaven. But he increase in arts and education gave people something to look forward to, and a life worth living. So in turn, people based their lives around various other things instead of the church. Because of the increase in literacy people learned that the Catholic Church only told the populous what they wanted them to hear. This caused many people to break away from the church and form Protestant religions. The Renaissance produced many great minds. Leonardo da Vinci was one of these. Although he was not regarded as a genius in his time. He had numerous works of art such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .postImageUrl , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:hover , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:visited , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:active { border:0!important; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:active , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Food Disorders EssayHe also is now regarded as a great inventor. He is credited for coming up with the idea of the helicopter. He dissected corpses to learn more about human anatomy. Another great man was a German monk, Martin Luther. He taught Biblical studies at the University of Wittenberg. Luthers beliefs challenged the church although many people agreed with his ideas. He was eventually excommunicated from the church and he started Protestantism. In conclusion, the Renaissance was a time of new awakening in Europe. It include the general loss of power by the church, an increase in literacy and education, and an exploration period.

The Detailed Guideline on Writing a Lab Report

The Detailed Guideline on Writing a Lab Report How to Write a Lab Report Writing academic research papers is a must for every psychology degree course. Before writing a report it is necessary to conduct research on human behavior and collect necessary data. Many students face difficulties with selecting research topics for their lab reports, and often attempt to make things even more difficult than they actually are. You can always consult with your supervisor, but if possible, keep it simple by choosing a memory experiment. Also ensure your topic adheres to ethical guidelines. Keep in mind that most often the paper has to be written and formatted in APA style. The Format of Lab Report As to the lab report format, you should write its title page, abstract, references and appendices sections on separate pages each. There are certain requirements to the formatting: students should use double-line spacing, font size 12 and include numbers of pages. Make sure your report has a thread of argument that links every sentence starting with the introduction and ending with the discussion. Title Page It is obvious that here, your aim is to indicate the main topic of your paper. Ensure the title page includes the IV DV. Avoid formulating the report’s title as a question. Abstract (should be written last) This part of the paper has to come at the beginning of the report but should be written at the end. It must provide a brief and clear summary of the report. Make sure it is short, but avoid using a note form. Before you start writing your own abstract, it would be great to look through some journal articles for examples. Start this section with a one-sentence summary that explains the aim and gives the rationale for the study. Then, introduce the participants and setting, describe the method used in the research work, and provide the main findings. In the last sentence, outline the â€Å"contribution to knowledge† of your study. Explain what it all means and refer to the implications of your findings. Introduction In this section of your paper, you have to explain where your hypothesis comes from. Make sure you are accurate regarding the way the research outlines the links to the hypothesis of your study. It is recommended to start this section with general theory, shortly introducing the topic. Then, narrow it down to a specific theory and research. It would be enough to refer to two or three relevant studies that logically lead to your aims and hypotheses. Make sure there is a logical progression of ideas, which improves the flow of your paper. Be precise and selective. Do not include anything that seems irrelevant. Do not turn this part into an essay. Do not include all the details in this section. You should realize that the aims do not just appear from nowhere; the preceding literature review must logically lead to this part. Devote a separate paragraph to explain what you are about to investigate and why. It is recommended to refer to the previously cited research, which should help explain your expectations. Later you have to formally state them as the hypotheses. However, keep in mind that aims are not the same as the hypotheses. You also have to state the alternate hypothesis, which should be plain, precise and include the variables under research. Method So, how to write a lab report method section? First, presume the reader does not have any knowledge of what you did. Make sure he or she is able to replicate your research using exactly what you write in this part of the paper. Provide enough detail to replicate your experiment – be brief and clear. Avoid explaining or justifying in this section, just report what you did. This section should be written in past tense. Use the following subheadings in this section of your paper: Design Here, your goal is to indicate the experimental design, to describe the independent variables, and to present various conditions. While writing about the dependent variables, check again whether they are put into use. Also, write about each used control method. Participants Indicate the target population and type of. Also, explain the way you received the. Provide such relevant details as the amount, age range, etc. Materials In this part, tell the reader which materials you used in your research, including computer equipment, surveys, word lists, etc. There is no necessity to describe all used materials – instead you can include a â€Å"sensible† level of detail. Procedure In this section of your lab report, describe in detail the procedure you followed while carrying out the research. Describe everything briefly and clearly and avoid insignificant details. Results Here, you should provide the descriptive statistics and the inferential one. Omit interpreting the results as this has to be included in the discussion. Your results must be presented in a precise and clear manner. You may want to use a table to display descriptive statistics so that it is easier to understand. Avoid including any raw data. Instead, include the following information: the kind of statistical test, clarification of whether or not a considerable difference was found, the effect size, the mean diversity, and 95% confidence intervals. Discussion In the discussion part of your lab report, outline your findings in plain English. Avoid any statistical jargon. Relate the results you received to the hypothesis you had made earlier. Clarify whether it is supported or rejected. Then, compare the results of your research to background materials you have presented in the introduction. Explain whether your results are similar or not and discuss why. Prove how confident the reader can be in the results. Indicate limitations if there are any. If you have found a reliable effect make sure to suggest limitations very carefully as you may be doubting your results. Unless you consider any confounding variable that is able to explain the outcome instead of the IV, leave the section out. Offer practical ways which you think could invest to your study. Write about the implications of your findings and their significance for the way people behave in the everyday life. Provide an idea for further research. It should be something in the similar area, but not an improved version of your study. You may want to base it on the limitations of your research. Finish this section with a statement of your findings and main points of the discussion in several sentences. References Here, you just have to provide a list of all sources cited in the research paper. You have to include them in the alphabetical order. Remember that the references section is not the same as a bibliography, which is a list of books used in the research. Simply put, each time you refer to a certain psychologist, you must reference the original source of the information. If you have been using textbooks in your study, it would be easy to write the references section because the references are usually at the back of the book so that students can just copy them down. If you have been using the Internet, then you may face certain difficulties, as many websites do not provide a reference section to copy. Also, you have to remember that references must be set out APA style. One of the simplest ways to write this section is to use Google scholar. All you have to do is to type the name and date of the author in the search box and click on the ‘cite’ link. Then, just copy the reference to your references section of the report. Writing a lab report is quite a complicated task, which requires much time, effort and specific knowledge. However, with the help of our guideline you will likely manage it with less difficulty. Just make sure to keep concentrated on your work and check everything carefully. Good luck!

Feminist Poetry Movement of the 1960s

Feminist Poetry Movement of the 1960s Feminist poetry is a movement that came to life during the 1960s, a decade when many writers challenged traditional notions of form and content. There is no defining moment when the feminist poetry movement began; rather, women wrote about their experiences and entered into a dialogue with readers over many years before the 1960s. Feminist poetry was influenced by social change, but also by poets such as Emily Dickinson, who lived decades earlier. Does feminist poetry mean poems written by feminists or poetry about feminist subject matter? Must it be both? And who can write feminist poetry- feminists? Women? Men? There are many questions, but generally, feminist poets have a connection to feminism as a political movement. During the 1960s, many poets in the United States explored increased social awareness and self-realization. This included feminists, who claimed their place in society, poetry and political discourse. As a movement, feminist poetry is usually thought of as reaching a greater apex during the 1970s: Feminist poets were prolific and they began to achieve major critical acclaim, including several Pulitzer Prizes. On the other hand, many poets and critics suggest that feminists and their poetry have often been relegated to second place (to men) in the poetry establishment. Prominent Feminist Poets Maya Angelou: This incredibly prolific and powerful woman is one of the most well-known feminist poets, though she hasn’t always fallen in line with the cause. â€Å"The sadness of the women’s movement is that they don’t allow the necessity of love,† she wrote. â€Å"See, I don’t personally trust any revolution where love is not allowed.† Her poetry has often been praised for its depictions of black beauty, female women, and the human spirit. Her book Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water fore I Diiie, published in 1971, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1972. Angelou received the Literarian Award in 2013, an honorary National Book Award for contributions to the literary community. She died at the age of 86 in 2014.Maxine Kumin: Kumin’s career spanned more than 50 years and she won the Pulitzer Prize, the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, and an American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award. Her poetry is deeply connected to her nat ive New England, and she was often called a regional pastoral poet. Denise Levertov: Levertov wrote and published 24 books of poetry. Her subjects reflected her beliefs as an artist and a humanist and her themes embraced nature lyrics, protest poetry, love poems and poetry inspired by her faith in God.Audre Lorde: Lorde described herself as a â€Å"black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet.† Her poetry confronts the injustices of racism, sexism, and homophobia.Adrienne Rich: Richs poetry and essays spanned seven decades and her writing tackled issues of identity, sexuality and politics and her continued search for social justice, her role in the anti-war movement, and exploring her radical feminism.Muriel Rukeyser: Rukeyser was an American poet and political activist; she is best known for her poems about equality, feminism, social justice, and Judaism.

Legal Memorandum - Jane's Asylum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Memorandum - Jane's Asylum - Essay Example She expressed her desire to seek asylum in the US, so that she could stay with her maternal uncle, who resides in California. She was also keen that her maternal uncle should become her legal guardian. In the usual course, Asylum has to be applied for, within a year of arrival in the US. Under extraordinary circumstances this condition may be relaxed. Such applications are to be submitted in Form I – 589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal. Thereafter, the Asylum Officer or Immigration Judge will determine if the applicant is a refugee1. On occasion, Asylum Officers interview a parent or trusted adult, so as to confirm guardianship information. However, the presence of such a trusted adult or witness is not mandatory, in this process3. Although, a minor applicant may be unable to demonstrate a guardianship arrangement or parental knowledge and consent; this does has no bearing on the grant of asylum. In addition, the trusted adult, in this case Jane’s uncle, could provide information, regarding her claim, if she finds it difficult to do so, on account of her tender age4. Whilst deposing before the Asylum Officer or Immigration Judge, caution will have to be exercised, in order to ensure that there is no misrepresentation of facts. This is because, Section 212(a)(6)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, prevents the provision of asylum to any individual who seeks admission into the US on the basis of fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact5.

Marketing - Marketing Metrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Marketing Metrics - Essay Example The mere thought that the cruise ship market segment will become saturated is illogical. In the cruise ship’s French market segment industry indicates the government had taken the industry on board. Consequently, the United Kingdom government must follow the example of the French government, in terms of prioritizing the cruise ship industry (http://www.cybercruises.com/shiplist.htm). 2. Cruise Market Watch In terms of United States cruise ship travel (http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/blog1/market/), there are statistical data indicating which sector leads. In terms of age, cruise ship customers belonging to the 40-49 years of age ranks no. 1 & 2 at 26 percent. Cruise ship customers belonging to the 60 and above years of age ranks no. 1& 2 at similar 26 percent. Lastly, the cruise ship customers belonging to the 50-59 years of age ranks no. 3, at 22 percent. The income data indicates a striking cruise ship company impression. First, cruise ship customers belonging to the $100,0 00 to $200,000 annual income ranks no. 1 at 39 percent. Second, cruise ship customers belonging to the $75,000 to $100,000 annual income ranks no. 2 at 19 percent. Third, cruise ship customers belonging to the $60,000 to $75,000 annual income ranks no. 3 at 16 percent. ... Further, the data indicates that there is a significant difference when the race criteria are used. The white gender represents 91 percent of the cruise ship customers. The Americans represent 3 percent of the cruise ship customer pie. Last, the other race profiles represent 6 percent of the cruise ship customer pie. In terms of employment status, there is a significant difference. The graduates comprised 75 percent of the cruise ship customer population. On the other hand, the undergraduates comprised 25 percent of the cruise ship customer population. The graduates include those with doctoral degrees. In terms of employment status, there is also a significant difference. Statistics indicate the full time workers represent 63 percent of the entire cruise ship population. On the other hand, only 20 percent of the entire cruise ship population had retired from work. 3. Drivers of the Cruise ship Business. There are many factors driving the cruise ship business to continue serving the n eeds of the current and prospective cruise ship customers, including customers of Cunard cruise ship lines. Customers. Cunard shipping lines is one of the oldest and finest cruise ship lines in the global, especially United Kingdom, cruise ship industry. The Cunard cruise ship lines offers cruise to major ports of the world. The ports include Mediterranean, Caribbean, Northern European, and other World cruise ship tours (Kotler, 2009). Carnival United Kingdom Chief executive David Dingle emphasized 2010 was the most successful year for the company, in terms of cruise ship financial performance. The company’s acquisition of several cruise ships bolstered its financial performance. The company acquired Caronia, QE2 and the brand new Queen Mary 2. The three cruise ships had different

Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay -- essays research papers fc

In "The Compartment," one of Raymond Carver's bleakest stories, a man passes through the French countryside in a train, en route to a rendevous with a son he has not seen for many years. "Now and then," the narrator says of the man, "Meyers saw a farmhouse and its outbuildings, everything surrounded by a wall. He thought this might be a good way to live-in an old house surrounded by a wall" (Cathedral 48). Due to a last minute change of heart, however, Meyers chooses to stay insulated in his "compartment" and, remaining on the train, reneges on his promise to the boy, walling out everything external to his selfish world, paternal obligation included. Meyers's tendency toward insularity is not, of course, unique among the characters in Cathedral or among the characters of earlier volumes. In Will You Be Quiet, Please? there is the paranoid self-cloistering of Slater and Arnold Breit, and in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love we read of James Packer's cantankerous,self-absorbed disgruntlement about life's injustices. In Cathedral appear other, more extreme versions of insularity,from a husband's self-imposed confinement to a living room in "Preservation" to another's pathetic reluctance to leave an attic garret in "Careful." More strikingly in Cathedral than before, Carver's figures seal themselves off from their worlds, walling out the threatening forces in their lives even as they wall themselves in, retreating destructively into the claustrophobic inner enclosures of self. But corresponding to this new extreme of insularity, there are in several stories equally striking instances where--pushing insularity the other way--characters attempt to throw off their entrapping nets and, in a few instances, appear to succeed. In Cathedral, and in Cathedral only, we witness the rare moments of their comings out, a process of openi ng up in closed-down lives that comes across in both the subjects and events of the stories and in the process of their telling, where self-disenfranchisement is reflected even on the level of discourse, rhetorically or structurally, or both. As one might expect, "de-insulation" of this kind necessarily involves the intervention of others: the coming out of a self-enclosed figure depends upon the influence of another being--a baker or a babysitter or blind man, o... ...alk About When We Talk About Love. New York: Random House, 1981. --. Where I'm Calling From. 1st edition. Franklin Center, PA: Franklin Library, 1988. --. Will You Be Quiet. Please? New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Howe, Irving. "Stories of Our Loneliness." New York Times Book Review. 11 Sep 1983: 42-43. Lonnquist, Barbara C. "Narrative Displacement and Literary Faith: Raymond Carver's Inheritance from Flannery O'Connor." Since Flannery O'Connor: Essays on the Contemporary American Short Story. Ed. Loren Logsdon and Charles W. Mayer. Macomb, IL: Western Illinois University, 1987. 142-50. Saltzman, Arthur. Understanding Raymond Carver. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1988. Skenazy, Paul. "Life in Limbo: Raymond Carver's Fiction." Enclitic 11(0000): 00-00. Stull, William. "Beyond Hopelessville: Another Side of Raymond Carver." Philological Quarterly 64 (1985): 1-15. Verley, Claudine. "Narration and Interiority in Raymond Carver's 'Where I'm Calling From.'" Journal of the Short Story in English 13 (1989): 91-102. Weele, Michael Vander. "Raymond Carver and the Language of Desire." Denver Quarterly 22 (1987): 00-000.

J Qubec

Should school uniforms be abolished? Against A uniform is a distinguishing symbol of a school and gives a sense of belonging to all the students who wear it * A uniform is a distinguishing mark of a school and gives a sense of belonging. * If dress is standardized, the wealthier students would have no scope to outdo the poorer ones. This prevents the development of inferior and resentful feelings among the less fortunate. * Some students inappropriately wear bold colors and daring fashion bordering on indecency. * Uniforms are inexpensive.They are usually chosen for their durability. * Students are equal with uniforms. * I think that school uniform shouldn't be banned in schools. * No, I don't think so. The reason for this is because if people wear different clothes (like some wear designer brands and others don't), it may cause bullying and discrimination. Also, schools uniforms help make students look equal which is good. Also, if you go on a school trip it's easier to recognize wh ich children belong to which school, so if they get lost someone can easily help them. * school uniforms must not be banned n the motion, should school uniforms be banned, i greatly disagree on that. That’s a very big shame on their side. School uniforms must not be banned because uniform is one of the sign which the school prepared for their students to be categorized by other peoples. We all know, that their parents are hard working for them to educate their children in school that requires uniform. we also have to think about them. Another one is, when a student’s wear their uniforms, it’s a sign of formality, because these uniforms are clothes that represent their school and success. * NONo i don't think school uniforms should be banned because some people can not afford much clothes and for students who have to where a school uniform they are lucky that they don't have i look for things to wear or worry about being teased because they don't have any new clo thes or anything. i think having a uniform is a good thing * If uniforms are forced upon students then why should the students have to pay? Going along with this idea, think of all the impoverished families out there who are spending all their money on giving their child a good education by sending them to private school, or a school that requires uniform.Do they really need their less fortunate children to be teased and bullies by the more fortunate children in school for their tattered or worn clothing that represents their parent's economic status? Uniforms help to make all the student body equal, especially in this day and age when even the youngest kids can be so spiteful and cold to their peers. * Parents Should Switch Schools If They Don't Like It Many private schools have uniform requirements and strict dress codes. If parents don't like their kids wearing uniforms, they can simply switch schools.This is America with the freedom to choose. The same is true for private school ing. No one has to attend one particular school over another. School uniforms shouldn't be banned whatsoever simply because it's a free world. * Shouldn't be banned.. When I was in school, I always thought the idea of school uniforms was silly. Now that I am older, I feel like this concept is a good idea. In public schools, there is such a wide variety of families from low income, to middle class, to wealthy. Unfortunately, in today's society, so many pay attention to their appearance.I think kids who's parents can't afford the name brand clothes begin to feel bad and have lower self esteem. If everyone has to dress the same, they have nothing to compare themselves to. * No, I believe school uniforms should not be banned because they create equality among students. I believe that school uniforms should be more widely used and not banned because it creates equality among children and takes away the status quo. By removing labels from clothing more than just the problem of inequality is prevented. It also solves many instances of bullying, parental stress, and childhood depression for starters.I believe all children deserve acceptance, and with school uniforms it gives them an advantage. Why take this advantage away? * For! * The adolescent is denied the freedom of choice which is the right of every individual. * It denies the adolescent the opportunity to use discretion, form judgements and exercise responsibility. * It is a form of regimentation not in accordance with democratic ideals. * Uniforms can be restrictive in times of climatic variation. * uniforms are horrible and expensive. I think they should be because uniforms are horrible and expensive.Uniforms are horrible. They are bland. Every day it's the same thing. Schools could have allocated days for uniforms. For example, going on an excursion, a check-up day or even a formal assembly. School uniforms usually cost a lot of money. A school jumper is probably one hundred dollars and the whole uniform is likely to be more than five hundred dollars. Children don't have to wear expensive clothes. If they're getting teased by their friends because they're not wearing designer clothes, they are not true friends and they can easily move away from the group.All my t-shirts are less than thirty dollars most of the time because I don't have a lot of money. I don't see anyone teasing me. * * They cause lack of expression in students. Do you express you through the way you dress? Most students do that's the only way some students can. Other students from other schools make fun of the school uniforms that some schools have. Witch causes trouble adjusting to being an adult. Witch affects a student or adult to stutter in day to day task * We all have a right to wear random clothing. Casual clothing expresses someone's fashion on how they can be.If you wear school uniform, you have to pay for it. It may cost about $20 or more then you may grow out of that size and you have to pay for it again and again. What a waste of money when you could be spending that money for something in great need, don't you agree with me? So that's why I think wearing school uniforms should be banned. * * We all have a right to wear random clothing. We all have a right to wear random clothing. Casual clothing expresses someone's fashion on how they can be. If you wear school uniform, you have to pay for it.It may cost about $20 or more then you may grow out of that size and you have to pay for it again and again. What a waste of money when you could be spending that money for something in great need, don't you agree with me? So that's why I think wearing school uniforms should be banned. * School Uniforms Send the Wrong Message While uniforms undeniable create some equality among students, they also give pupils the wrong idea. Uniforms are teaching kids that whenever they face diversity, the solution is to simply make everyone the same.This is a problem, especially since some differences, like rac e or size, cannot be changed. School uniforms should be banned because they give students the wrong idea. * * School uniform should not be compulsory at public schools Because people go to public schools to save money and uniforms and saving money it just puts you in dept for something you don't want to wear, which is a BIIIIIGGGG waste of money for something they don't enjoy wearing or look good in also some teachers don't like the uniform * * The belief that school uniforms give a sense of equality among students is only true to a certain extent.First, it only gives equality to students who are studying in the same school. Based on my personal experience, there is no equality at all when students from many different schools are gathered in one place. When this happens, one could see a lot of differences. Some are wearing the uniform of an obscure school, some are wearing the uniform of an average school, while some others are wearing the uniform of an elite school. By looking at t his alone, we do not need to be a neurosurgeon to see that equality is absent here. Biasness may even occur.People will certainly have better impressions towards those from elite schools. If those students are gathered in the room when they are wearing their own clothes, there won't be any difference as nobody knows where each one of them is studying. Therefore, impressions won't be formed based on the color of their uniforms anymore. Some students who are not in elite schools may even feel down when wearing the uniform, while some students in elite schools wear their uniform so proudly that they even wear it on public holidays. I have seen people from elite schools who are wearing their uniform on a Sunday) Also, school uniform won't be so effective in bridging the gap between the affluent students and the poorer students. There are other factors that have to be considered. For example, some students may bring expensive laptop computers to school to aid in their studies while some students are not even able to purchase a textbook. We could see the difference in them even though they are all wearing the same school uniform. *

Broken Window Philosophy Broken Windows - 854 Words

In the article Broken Windows, it gives the reader insight on what broken windows stands for and how it plays a role in policing. Broken windows is based on bad behavior or actions in the community. Just like a broken windows it symbolizes nobody cares, which leads to greater fear of crime and a lessens of community bad behavior, which in turn can lead to more serious crimes and greater signs of bad behavior, and it could turn into a repeating the cycle. If a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no one is in charge.(Wilson) This theory says that the little things matter. By focusing on the small acts of criminals, law enforcements hope to make the community have social control meaning taking control of their community and to prevent crime or corruption from happening. Broken Window philosophy has it positive and negative aspects. The theory states disorder causes fear in the community, and more crime to occur. Broken Windows stra tegy was to fight crime and keep the community safe from danger. In some ways Broken Windows did help the community and in other ways it didn’t. With that said I going on to talk about what Broken Windows has done for us in positive way. One thing that Broken Windows have done for policing is troublesome juveniles can learn how to clean their bad behavior or act. By looking for smaller crimes such as vandalism, littering, or etc., policer could catch them. For police officers catching theShow MoreRelatedBroken Windows Policing : Effective And Sustaining Serious Crime1505 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented, one of which is known as Broken Windows Policing. The style of Broken Windows policing has a few different goals and has been used in certain cities in the Unites States. Though it has been used, the question on whether or not it is an effective style of policing still remains. Of the many policing strategies that have been used, Broken Windows Policing is one that has remained questionable when it comes to its effectiveness. The model of Broken Windows Policing focuses on how disorderRead MoreBroken Windows Or Community Policing1508 Words   |  7 PagesBroken Windows or Community Policing: Positives, Negatives, and Long Term Effectiveness Michael J. Murphy II Regent University â€Æ' Abstract: This paper will cover two policing styles known as the â€Å"broken windows† theory and community policing. The paper will end with a small analysis of which style would be more practical long-term. This paper will start with an explanation as to what the â€Å"broken windows† theory is. Furthermore, this paper will cover some of advantages and disadvantages of thatRead MoreThe Broken Windows Theory By James Q. Wilson864 Words   |  4 PagesThe ‘Broken Windows Theory’ originated in 1982 by James Q. Wilson, an American social scientist who studied government, politics and crime; and George Kelling, an American criminologist. The theory used broken windows as a metaphor for the chaos that occurred in neighborhoods and focuses on the importance that the petty crimes have in creating and supporting to more serious crimes. The metaphor is meant to prove that even the little things matter. The theory’s purpose was to monitor urban citiesRead MoreJuveni le Justice And Delinquency Prevention2440 Words   |  10 Pagesreduced in the upcoming years. According to multiple sources, community- oriented policing does not have a clear-cut definition or explanation. To quote John L. Worrall in â€Å"Crime Control in America: What works?, Community-Oriented Policing is â€Å"a new philosophy of policing, based on the concept that police officers and citizens work together in creative ways in order to help solve contemporary community problems related to crime, fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and neighborhood decay† (WorrallRead MoreCamden Crime Rate And Crime Rates915 Words   |  4 Pagesoffenses which is murder topping off the charts compared to other New Jersey cities. The first point, that will be reviewed is the high crime rates that have been displayed in Camden for numerous years which has lead there chief to believe in the philosophy of community policing. Secondly, not all residents have seen the decrease of crime in their area such as the Community Baptist Church. The final point that will be discussed i s why Camden crime rate has not turned around and why we should includeRead MoreModern Law Enforcement Of The London Metropolitan Police District1231 Words   |  5 Pagesevolve into the community policing philosophy can be found in Skolnick’s case study of the San Francisco. In 1962 the San Francisco Police Department established a specialized unit based on the concept that â€Å"police would help to reduce crime by reducing despair--by acting as a social service agency to ameliorate some of the difficulties encountered by minority group persons.† Community policing is the most widely used term for a loosely defined set of police philosophies, strategies, and tactics knownRead MoreThe Effects Of Ayn Rand s Philosophy, Objectivism And Anarcho Capitalism1493 Words   |  6 PagesGage Cherry 7 SEPT 2017 ENGL 1010 Section 463 Bioshock: An Objective Look at Objectivism and Anarcho-Capitalism It is in this paper that we will explore the effects of Ayn Rand’s philosophy, Objectivism, as it has been expressed through her novels (e.g. Atlas Shrugged) and subsequently the Socio-Economic Movement that has risen because of it, Anarcho-Capitalism. We will look at the consequences, both positive and negative, of Objectivism by examining 2K Boston’s 2007 award-winning game, BioshockRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention2506 Words   |  11 Pagesreduced in the upcoming years. According to multiple sources, community- oriented policing does not have a clear-cut definition or explanation. To quote John L. Worrall in â€Å"Crime Control in America: What works?, Community-Oriented Policing is â€Å"a new philosophy of policing, based on the concept that police officers and citizens work together in creative ways in order to help solve contemporary community problems related to crime, fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and neighborhood decay† (WorrallRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1657 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between police and civilians. When it became very popular in the 1990 s, people realized that community policing was insufficient at dealing with crime and disorder. That s when designers made problem solving a core component of the philosophy. At this time many departments combine problem oriented policing strategies with community oriented policing strategies. Both types of policing go hand and hand, due t o the fact that problem oriented policing s main purpose is to identify and reduceRead MoreThe Role of Police in Society Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagespolice use excessive measures in fighting crime. The police New York City police have applied the idea of broken windows, which is the idea of fixing communities little problems before tackling the large ones. However, feel that the NYPD has taking it to far and has to re-define their methods. In an article with Prof. George Kelling (also the creator of Broken Windows) entitled Fixing Broken Windows he tries to show that the NYPD have to give officers training and guidance that will enable them to deal