Children Stay at Home for Entertainment Essay Example for Free

Triple Bottom Line Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Triple Bottom Line Approach - Essay Example A firm should give specific consideration to social, ecological and furthermore financial impacts of the activity which is alluded to as corporate social obligation or supportability. Manageability is an idea which means to address all the necessary part of an association which thinks about the innovative work of another item that doesn't utilize non inexhaustible assets; inventiveness and advancement, association attempts to make sense of the methods of limiting waste; showcasing the idea of maintainability just as promoting on the side of some nearby issues or social reason. Consequently, maintainability has become a central market power which is touched off through investors, clients, and partners. A structure which works the maintainability is the Triple Bottom Line Approach (TBL). The Triple Bottom Line simply don't centers around the financial estimation of an association yet in addition on the natural just as social worth the add to an association and furthermore devastates it . The TBL speaks to the economy, society, and the earth. The three frameworks are interrelated with one another; general public relies upon the economy and economy on the environment, which speaks to the main concern (Quinn and Baltes, 2007, p.4). The article starts with a presentation of the occasion, its verifiable foundation, current status and grouping of the event.Next, it manages the partners of the occasion both at the person just as at the authoritative levelsational level. The following piece of the paper examines about the effects that the occasion would have on the natural, financial and social culture in negative and positive manner. The connection between the partners and the effect is investigated lastly an end is driven. The Event The occasion to be talked about in the article is the Pamplolona Bull-running Fiesta. The parties of San Fermin are normally celebrated in Pamplola in the area of Navarra every year from 6 of July to 14 of July. This party is universally per ceived as a result of running of the bulls. This occasion is named as Encierro which happens at the core of San Fermines and makes the occasion display (Spain travel, 2012). Despite the fact that the historical backdrop of bull running in Pamplola isn't clear yet the celebration has begun route, harking back to the 13 century when the occasion occurred in the period of October. The advanced festival has supposed to be developed from the 13 century. In the past the strict celebration of San Fermin was commended with music, moving, markets and bullfighting in 10 of October. Be that as it may, the Pamplola Council had proposed to move the celebration from October to July as the climate was substantially more favorable and bolstered the festival. Therefore till date the date of the festival stayed fixed where the primary bull run begins on seventh of July at about 8am and the keep going on July 14 likewise at 8am. The joining of business, strict and bull battling celebrations and the ne w time and date of activity was first official celebrated in 1591 in San Fermines. In 1591 the festival was very little mainstream as it is today. In the seventeenth and eighteenth

A Russian History Reading List

A Russian History Reading List Every time I start to think I understand Russian history, I remember Tolstoys line in War and Peace: “All we can know is that we know nothing. And thats the height of human wisdom.” Russian history is vast, and complicated, and in light of the state of current foreign affairs and Russias interference in our election, worth at least trying to know something about. But where to start? Id suggest a few works on the background of modern Russian history from the Revolution that ousted tsarist rule, through the Lenin and Stalin periods, then on to the transition to democracy and ending in the Putin era. These are a mix of books I read in political science and history classes while getting an undergrad degree in international studies and more recent releases Ive checked out to try and get a handle on the Russian political sceneâ€"which seems  more important than ever. The Russian Revolution by Sheila Fitzpatrick (2008) This slim volume is a highly readable account of the Russian Revolution that doesnt sacrifice any of the details and extends through Stalins consolidation of power in the 1930s. This serves as a fantastic entry point to Russian politics. The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution  by Dominic Lieven (2015) This book examines the Russian Revolution and WWI from a fresh perspective. Lievens approach is exceptionally detailed, while still offering new reasoning and perspective on why history unfolded as it did. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin  edited byRonald Grigor Suny (2001) This is a  collection of essays that looks at the nationality policy of both Lenin and Stalin. It focuses on minority groups within the Soviet Union and how the Soviet concept of nationality was created, defined, and modified in the early days. Lenins Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire by David Remnick (1993) This is actually one of my favorite books, ever. (No one said I wasnt a nerd). In it, I first read the words that I return to in moments of despair (in which I find myself often  post-election). The quote is from Mikhail Gorbachev, and it is: while I am breathing, I am hoping. Remnick, who is currently the editor of The New Yorker, won a Pulitzer for the incredible reporting that went into this chronicle of the demise of Soviet Russia. He interviewed peasants and Chernobyl survivors and even Gorbachevs high school girlfriend and a CIA agent who defected to the KGB. Its riveting. First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russias President by Vladimir Putin, Nataliya Gevorkyan, Natalya Timakova, and Andrei Kolesnikov (2000) Lets be honest: this is propaganda, but insightful propaganda. When Putin burst onto the political scene in Russia as Yeltsins named successor, the Russian people and the world knew little about him. This collection of interviews sheds light on his early career and is a must-read for anyone trying to understand the figure that has dominated Russian politics for almost two decades. Russias Unfinished Revolution: Political Change From Gorbachev to Putin by Michael McFaul (2001) This Russian history book offers an insider perspective on the transition from post-Communist institutions and the key economic and political policies of the early Putin years. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State by David Satter (2004) Even though this is published by a university press, its a very  readable history of the rise of the criminal influence in Russian government following the downfall of the Soviet Union. Satter really uses his understanding of Russian psychology gained by years as the Moscow correspondent for the Wall Street Journal to give insight into what happened and why. Satter has many books on Russia, and those interested in diving deep into the subject matter should explore more. The Man without a Face by Masha Gessen (2012) There are many books that chronicle Putins policies (and crimes), but this one puts them in a more personal context, and is more readable for it. The Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice by Bill Browder (2015) This book uses  the story of a man who tried to investigate the corruption of Russian officials to illustrate the reality of Russian politics. Rather than helping to put the  criminals behind bars, he died in prison. Its as chilling and sinister as any suspense novel of shady dealings, political machinations, and murderâ€"and this one is true, and instead of shocking, it represents business as usual in Russian politics. Putin’s Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?  by Karen Dawisha (2014) This book exposes so much of the Putins shadiness it was only published in the US and not in the UK, where libel laws take the burden of proof off the plaintiff. Dawishas book is meticulously researched, and shows how the Russian government became a front for organized crime. If youre thinking, it cant really be THAT corrupt read this and decide for yourself. The Invention of Russia: From Gorbachevs Freedom to Putins War  by  Arkady Ostrovsky (2016) If the parallels between Putin and Trump are alarming to you, this is the book Id recommend you read. Ostrovsky, as a Economist  correspondent, had a front row seat to Russias shift from seemingly embracing democratic, free-market capitalism to embracing rhetoric of a populist nationalism. Putin Country: A Journey into the Real Russia  by  Anne Garrels (2016) Like many recent books (and current bestsellers) probe the rural experience in America, this work looks at the Russia outside of Moscow, the cultural, economic, and political center of the vast country. Garrels visits  Chelyabinsk, a industrial city a thousand miles outside of the capitol, and interviews everyone from upwardly mobile white-collar workers to prostitutes and peasants, painting a picture of all the various subcultures that are not so different from those that populate Middle America. All the Kremlin’s Men by Mikhail Zygar (2016)  This recently published book by the chief editor of the opposition TV station  paints a different picture of how much power and control Putin actually has, and makes readers question who is really behind the strategy, or if there is any strategy at all. These books are just a beginning point to truly understand Russian history and politics, and Im no expert or scholar, just an interested and concerned reader. Do you have suggestions for further reading? Leave them in the comments. Find even more of our Russian book recommendations here. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Discovery Of The Atomic Bomb - 2431 Words

Upon securing victory in Japan, whatever relief the American people felt from winning WWII was tempered by the realization that science had just created a weapon that could wipe nations off the face of the earth. The atomic bomb, if other countries obtained the technology, could bring about a nuclear holocaust. This fear of technology could have stymied scientific progress post WWII. However, going into the Cold War, people once again put their hope in science and looked at scientific progress as a measure of whether they were beating the Soviet Union. This was most evident in the space race, as both countries invested large amounts of resources into their space programs. Somehow, both countries had decided that scientific research for going into space would be the frontier upon which they would fight their indirect war. Accordingly, it is important to realize that space had already begun to capture the public’s imagination well before the space race began. Though WWII showcased the weaponization of science, science popularizers such as Isaac Asimov wondered how those weapons could be repurposed into tools to help people. In his Foundation series, the first story being published in 1942, Asimov describes mankind thousands of years in the future as a spacefaring people that has expanded their civilization to the far reaches of space. He saw nuclear bombs not as a weapon for destruction, but as a source of energy for powering spaceships that would allow humans to colonizeShow MoreRelatedA Scientific Breakthrough That Changed The Face Of International And Domestic Warfare Forever1614 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational and domestic warfare forever was named the Manhattan Project (1942). The Manhattan Project (1942) was under the direction of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. Its focus was to creat e a bomb using the expulsion of atomic energy. This secret operation where they built and assembled the first atomic bomb was located in Los Alamos, New Mexico. With the creation of such a device of destruction no one imaged it would lead to the deaths of almost 300,000 Japanese people. With such a huge breakthroughRead MoreEssay about Enrico Fermi and the Development of the Atomic Bomb1013 Words   |  5 PagesEnrico Fermi and the Development of the Atomic Bomb The 20th century saw many important discoveries which impacted people worldwide. Great discoveries were made in the realm of science and technology which lead to the atomic age. One of the leading pioneers in the area of physics was Enrico Fermi. Without his contributions, the atomic bomb may not have been developed or would have possibly been postponed. Enrico Fermi was born into a family who had enough money to live comfortably. FermiRead MoreHiroshim The World Bomb1520 Words   |  7 PagesRotter, Andrew J. Hiroshima: The World’s Bomb. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. The choice to use an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were two of the biggest decisions that were made in the twentieth century and the effects were felt all around the world. Andrew J. Rotter, the author, â€Å"Hiroshima: The World’s Bomb† is a Professor of History at Colgate University who specialized in recent US history and the Vietnam War. He has also written on United State-Asian relations during the twentiethRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesthe effects of the atomic bombing, impacting Japanese lives. These attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains one of the most infamous tragedies in history because of the large number of casualties that shattered Japan’s invincibility, leading to the Nuclear Era. Forecast: The focus of this speech is to provide knowledge of Japanese casualties, invincibility and the evolution of the Nuclear Era. Body Paragraph #1: Seventy-one years ago, Japanese destruction of cities by bombs caused a large numberRead MoreThe Consequences Of Great Power1224 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrates the prominent role nuclear weapons had by discussing the battle for superiority between the rivals, ignorance of the potential consequences, and events, such as the bombing of Hiroshima, Soviet Union’s creation of the atomic bomb, and BRAVO. The development of the atomic bomb was an advancement in military technology. It was unlike any other weapon ever created. According to an American strategist, Bernard Brodie, â€Å"They were several million times more potent on a pound-for-pound basis than theRead MoreAlbert Einstein s Theory Of Relativity And The Father Of The Atomic Age1174 Words   |  5 Pagesscientific community, but for the entire world, it is easy to label him as one of the most qualified candidates. Throughout his career, he developed many names for himself. Most notably, he was known as the father of relativity and the father of the atomic age. These two titles alone speak volumes about his achievements and contributions to science, but it is important to examine how he got his name in the history books, and how he made such a big name for himself in his seventy six years of life. MostRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdropping of the atomic bombs in Japan was a very helpfu l source for the United States during the WWII. President Truman, took the responsibility of dropping and creation of the atomic bomb. For the reason that The United States was seeking revenge on Japan for the attack at Pearl Harbor. The atomic bomb caused a high number of innocent Japanese deaths and also awful sickness. The atomic bombs left a big impact in the Japanese empire; also effected the Japanese at the time of the atomic bomb and the generationRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The Bombing Of Hiroshima1150 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted with the scientific discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, and theorists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. Nuclear Fission was the theory that if a neutron was fired at an atom of radioactive isotopes, such as uranium or plutonium, it would split the atom causing a chain reaction which releases massive amounts of energy and heat. A few y ears before the discovery of nuclear fission, A HungarianRead MoreThe Discovery of Radioactivity and its Effects Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pagesamongst scientist during this time period. With the discovery of new elements polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie, the use of radioactivity to probe the center of an atom, provided the instructions of a nuclear weapon that will kill innocent Japanese, leaving there face disfigured, and permanently changed. The majority of people know of the effect of radioactivity but not how it was discovered and its close relation to physics. The discovery of radioactivity can also be referred to the dawnRead MoreThe End Of World War II1684 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed their talents and expertise to the development of America’s atomic bomb; the end of this war and the lead-up to the Cold War was also a time of great anxiety. The creation of the bomb led them to one conclusion that any future war could bring the end of the world as they knew it. Harold C. Urey was one of the scientists that believed that we should fear the bomb. He wanted the government to monitor the usage of the bomb and to place strict policies so that we will not use it unless there

Parent Interview - 1049 Words

Parent Interview The parent interviewed is middle aged mother of two, which both are in their late twenties. She informed me that prior to having children she thought that she would never experience the joy of motherhood. Mrs. Digat married young at seventeen years of age and longed to have a family of her own. Unfortunately, pregnancy did not come easily. She saw countless doctors and underwent numerous procedures in effort to become a mother. There was nothing she wanted more out of life that to have her own little bundle of joy. Many years came and went without a baby that she so desired; Mother’s Day was especially difficult to endure. Then, unexpectedly after thirteen years of trying she became pregnant. This was the beginning of a†¦show more content†¦She knew right away that when she had a family, she would make sure that her children received an education at any cost. If I were to work with Mrs. Digat on counseling her parental skills, I would employ Cognitive Behav ioral Therapy for several reasons. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do. I appreciate that it is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, and events. The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel / act better even if the situation does not change. I believe this idea gives the client a sense of empowerment over their life and its outcome. By changing the way we think regardless of our surroundings produces harmony in our lives. This form of therapy instills in clients to be self-sufficient by focusing on teaching rational self-counseling skills; clients change because they learn how to think differently and they act on that learning. CBT therapists do not tell their clients what to do, rather, they teach their clients how to do it. This therapy challenges client’s irrational belief s by gearing them to use rational thinking that it is based on fact. Often, we upset ourselves about things when, in fact, the situation isn t like we think it is. Lastly, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a collaborativeShow MoreRelatedInterview With A Parent Interview Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesValentine PSY 122-81 05 October 2016 Parent Interview I chose to interview three family members in order to evaluate similarities and differences on experiences on what it’s like to be a parent. I believe that there is no right or wrong way to define what family is, but the definition of family comes with a wide range of beliefs about parenting and what it means to be â€Å"good parents† to their children. Every person is different and when it comes to every parent, they have their own style of parentingRead MoreParent Observation and Interview2056 Words   |  8 PagesFor the parent observation and interview I had to really think about who to choose because of many reason: such as not wanting to offend someone or a person not being as reliable as others. In the end I decided to observe my mother and sister Tiana. My mother is a third generation immigrant to the united states with only two female children. She had me when she was nineteen years old in Guyana. My sister was born seventeen years later in England to her curr ent husband, making Tiana his fifth childRead MoreParent Interview : Family Interview1077 Words   |  5 Pages Parent Interview During my parent interview many of the parents had a different idea of what was stimulating for their child. All the parents, however, realized the importance of stimulating their child during play especially as an infant. The parent’s children ranged from six months to 5 years old (Derryberry, Boster, Lashae, 2015). This also shows that the parent can have varying opinion based on what their child needs in that particular developmental period. All the parents were extremely concernedRead MoreInterview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs1366 Words   |  6 Pagesable to have a bright future. She hopes that one day her daughter will not require extra support and that she will overcome her speech delay. After conducting this interview, it really became clear how difficult it is for a parent to hear that their child might have special needs. In talking with this mother, it became clear how parents might sometimes blame themselves for their child’s difficulty or might not fully understand the process. This can cause embarrassment and fear for them. The adviceRead MoreWhy I Should Interview With My Parents1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhen deciding whom to interview for this paper relating back to the topics learned this semester it was clear I should interview my parents Marla and Mike due to there overwhelming experiences with the topics discussed this semester. Marla is forty-six and used to deliver babies therefor making her a full time working women, and Mike is forty seven and also has a full time job. Both were college educated, and grew up in what was known as the typical American family home. Many things were discussedRead MoreInterview And Reaction Paper : Interviewing Your Parents1345 Words   |  6 PagesSherilyn Queen PSYC 3260 Interview and Reaction Paper: Interviewing Your Parents Throughout one’s life, numerous sources can influence one’s perception of different people, concepts, and cultures. One of the most powerful influences, especially throughout childhood, is the family. As an adolescent, many of the opinions and views they have will be similar to, if not the same as, their parents’ because children are highly impressionable, and their parents have significant control over the informationRead MoreA Hypothetical Interview With Parents of a Child With Special Needs2429 Words   |  10 PagesHypothetical Interview with Parents of a Special Needs Child A Hypothetical Interview with Parents of Special Needs Child Discuss the family background and history briefly--pregnancy, birth, infancy, toddlerhood, preschool with associated milestones. Mother: We tried for several months to get pregnant before we were successful. We both were reluctant to try for a child again because of a traumatic miscarriage I experienced several years prior. We both really wanted to be parents and made a toughRead MoreEssay on Parent Interview of a Special Needs Child1505 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship with her daughter’s speech therapist and really enjoys working with her. She reports to feeling grateful that her daughter has some is able to giver her extra support because she is not always able to do to the demands of being a single parent. The mother reports that she can sometime become frustrated that her child requires extra support because of the different aspects involved which she sometimes has difficulty understanding such IEP reviews. She reports feeling bad sometimes and doesRead MoreHiring Effective Teachers Based On An Interview1636 Words   |  7 PagesHiring effective teachers based on an interview continues to be a major challenge for principals in schools across the country (Staiger Rockoff, 2010; Vanderslice, 2010). Determining who the best teachers are out of a large pool of teaching applicants is difficult, and if principals cannot identify effective teachers during an interview, the risk of having an ineffective teacher in the classroom increases (Staiger Rockoff, 2010). Determining interview criteria and questions is very importantRead MoreThree Interviews Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesFrom these interviews, I was able to distinguish each of their own perspectives. Each interview was like a puzzle. I put each of their answers to together and found what makes family values so important. The main argument of my interviews is that family values are crucial. They help shape and build our character. As stated by my mother, Debra Franckowiak, â€Å"Family values are like building blocks of a young person’s life. At an early age, we learn our values from our parents. Parents are the role

Bridge Construction Free Essays

string(135) " Girder Design Chart 3 Splices are generally required for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece\." LRFD Design Example for December 2003 FHWA NHI-04-041 Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge Prepared for FHWA / National Highway Institute Washington, DC US Units Prepared by Michael Baker Jr Inc Moon Township, Pennsylvania Development of a Comprehensive Design Example for a Steel Girder Bridge with Commentary Design Process Flowcharts for Superstructure and Substructure Designs Prepared by Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. November 2003 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Bridge Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. 5. Recipient’s Catalog No. Report Date FHWA NHI – 04-041 Title and Subtitle LRFD Design Example for Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge with Commentary 7. Author (s) December 2003 6. Performing Organization Code Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. , Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. , William A. Amrhein, P. E. , S. E. , Scott D. Zang, P. E. , Justin W. Bouscher, E. I. T. , Laura E. Volle, E. I. T. 8. Performing Organization Report No. B25285 001 0200 HRS 10. 11. 13. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Contract or Grant No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. Related reading: Padma Bridge Paragraph Airside Business Park, 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA 15108 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address DTFH61-02-D-63001 Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration National Highway Institute (HNHI-10) 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 800 Arlington, Virginia 22203 15. Supplementary Notes Final Submission August 2002 – December 2003 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Baker Principle Investigator: Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. Baker Project Managers: Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. and Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. FHWA Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative: Thomas K. Saad, P. E. Team Leader, Technical Review Team: Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim, Ph. D. , P. E. 16. Abstract This document consists of a comprehensive steel girder bridge design example, with instructional commentary based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (Second Edition, 1998, including interims for 1999 through 2002). The design example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge design engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and is offered in both US Customary Units and Standard International Units. This project includes a detailed outline and a series of flowcharts that serve as the basis for the design example. The design example includes detailed design computations for the following bridge features: concrete deck, steel plate girder, bolted field splice, shear connectors, bearing stiffeners, welded connections, elastomeric bearing, cantilever abutment and wingwall, hammerhead pier, and pile foundations. To make this reference user-friendly, the numbers and titles of the design steps are consistent between the detailed outline, the flowcharts, and the design example. In addition to design computations, the design example also includes many tables and figures to illustrate the various design procedures and many AASHTO references. AASHTO references are presented in a dedicated column in the right margin of each page, immediately adjacent to the corresponding design procedure. The design example also includes commentary to explain the design logic in a user-friendly way. Additionally, tip boxes are used throughout the design example computations to present useful information, common practices, and rules of thumb for the bridge designer. Tips do not explain what must be done based on the design specifications; rather, they present suggested alternatives for the designer to consider. A figure is generally provided at the end of each design step, summarizing the design results for that particular bridge element. The analysis that served as the basis for this design example was performed using the AASHTO Opis software. A sample input file and selected excerpts from the corresponding output file are included in this document. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Bridge Design, Steel Girder, Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD, Concrete Deck, Bolted Field Splice, Hammerhead Pier, Cantilever Abutment, Wingwall, Pile Foundation 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) This report is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia 22161 and from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Form DOT F 1700. 7 (8-72) Unclassified 644 Reproduction of completed page authorized This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express appreciation to the Illinois Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transportation, and Mr. Mike Grubb, BSDI, for providing expertise on the Technical Review Committee. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of the following staff members at Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. : Tracey A. Anderson Jeffrey J. Campbell, P. E. James A. Duray, P. E. John A. Dziubek, P. E. David J. Foremsky, P. E. Maureen Kanfoush Herman Lee, P. E. Joseph R. McKool, P. E. Linda Montagna V. Nagaraj, P. E. Jorge M. Suarez, P. E. Scott D. Vannoy, P. E. Roy R. Weil Ruth J. Williams Table of Contents 1. Flowcharting Conventions 2. Flowcharts Main Flowchart Chart 1 – General Information Chart 2 – Concrete Deck Design Chart 3 – Steel Girder Design Chart 4 – Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 5 – Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 6 – Bearing Design Chart 7 – Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 8 – Pier Design Chart P – Pile Foundation Design Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Flowcharting Conventions Start A process may have an entry point from more than one path. An arrowhead going into a process signifies an entry point. Unique sequence identifier Process description Reference Process A Design Step # Chart # or AASHTO Reference Unless the process is a decision, there is only one exit point. A line going out of a process signifies an exit point. Commentary to provide additional information about the decision or process. Flowchart reference or article in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Supplemental Information No Decision Yes Process Design Step # Chart # or AASHTO Reference Go to Other Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Splices are generally required for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece. You read "Bridge Construction" in category "Essay examples" Yes No Are girder splices required? Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart (Continued) A Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Design Step 7 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Design Step 8 Pier Design Chart 8 Design Step 9 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Design Step 10 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Note: Design Step P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart Chart 1 Start Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 1. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Includes: Governing specifications, codes, and standards Design methodology Live load requirements Bridge width requirements Clearance requirements Bridge length requirements Material properties Future wearing surface Load modifiers Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 1. 2 Obtain Geometry Requirements Design Step 7 Includes: Horizontal curve data and alignment Vertical curve data and grades Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Design Step 10 Does client require a Span Arrangement Study? No Includes: Select bridge type Determine span arrangement Determine substructure locations Compute span lengths Check horizontal clearance Design Step 1. 3 Perform Span Arrangement Study Design Step 1. 3 Select Bridge Type and Develop Span Arrangement Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart (Continued) Chart 1 Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 A Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 1. 4 Yes Obtain Geotechnical Recommendations Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Includes: Boring logs Foundation type recommendations for all substructures Allowable bearing pressure Allowable settlement Overturning Sliding Allowable pile resistance (axial and lateral) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Yes Does client require a Type, Size and Location Study? No Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Includes: Select steel girder types Girder spacing Approximate girder depth Check vertical clearance Design Step 1. 5 Perform Type, Size and Location Study Design Step 1. 5 Determine Optimum Girder Configuration Design Step 1. 6 Plan for Bridge Aesthetics S2. 5. 5 Considerations include: Function Proportion Harmony Order and rhythm Contrast and texture Light and shadow Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart Chart 2 Start Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Includes: Girder spacing Number of girders Top and bottom cover Concrete strength Reinforcing steel strength Concrete density Future wearing surface Concrete parapet properties Applicable load combinations Resistance factors To compute the effective span length, S, assume a girder top flange width that is conservatively smaller than anticipated. The deck overhang region is required to be designed to have a resistance larger than the actual resistance of the concrete parapet. Based on Design Steps 2. 3 and 2. 4 and based on client standards. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 2 Determine Minimum Slab Thickness S2. 5. 2. 6. 3 S9. 7. 1. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 3 Determine Minimum Overhang Thickness S13. 7. 3. 1. 2 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. Select Slab and Overhang Thickness Design Step 10 Yes Equivalent Strip Method? (S4. 6. 2) No Other deck design methods are presented in S9. 7. Design Step 2. 5 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 S3. 4. 1 Includes moments for component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchar t (Continued) Chart 2 A Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 6 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1. 3 S3. 4. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Design Step 2. 7 Compute Factored Positive and Negative Design Moments S4. 6. 2. 1 Considerations include: Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Multiple presence factor (S3. 6. 1. 1. 2) AASHTO moment table for equivalent strip method (STable A4. 1-1) No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 8 Design for Positive Flexure in Deck S5. 7. 3 Resistance factor for flexure is found in S5. 5. 4. 2. 1. See also S5. 7. 2. 2 and S5. 7. 3. 3. 1. Generally, the bottom transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. The live load negative moment is calculated at the design section to the right and to the left of each interior girder, and the extreme value is applicable to all design sections (S4. 6. 2. 1. 1). Generally, the top transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 9 Design Step 7 Check for Positive Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 S5. 7. 1 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. 10 Design for Negative Flexure in Deck S4. 6. 2. 1 S5. 7. 3 Design Step 10 Design Step 2. 11 Check for Negative Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 S5. 7. 1 Design Step 2. 12 Design for Flexure in Deck Overhang S5. 7. 3. 4, S5. 7. 1 SA13. 4 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 For concrete parapets, the case of vertical collision never controls. B Design Case 1 Design Overhang for Horizontal Vehicular Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 2 Design Overhang for Vertical Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 3 Design Overhang for Dead Load and Live Load SA13. 4. 1 Check at Case Inside Face 1A of Parapet Check at Case Design 1B Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 1C Section in First Span Check at Case Design 3A Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 3B Section in First Span As(Overhang) = maximum of the above five reinforcing steel areas Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Yes Design Step 3 As(Overhang) As(Deck)? No No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Use As(Overhang) in overhang. Use As(Deck) in overhang. Check for Cracking in Overhang under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 S5. 7. 1 The overhang reinforcing steel must satisfy both the overhang requirements and the deck requirements. Design Step 5 Design Step 2. 13 Design Step 6 Does not control the design in most cases. Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 2. 14 Compute Overhang Cut-off Length Requirement S5. 11. 1. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: C FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 C Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 15 Compute Overhang Development Length S5. 11. 2 Appropriate correction factors must be included. Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 2. 16 Design Bottom Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S9. 7. 3. 2 Design Step 3 Compute Effective Span Length, S, in accordance with S9. 7. 2. 3. Based on temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 17 Design Top Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S5. 0. 8. 2 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 18 Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Continuous steel girders? No Design Step 10 For simple span precast girders made continuous for live load, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S5. 14. 1. 2. 7. For continuous steel girders, design top longitudinal reinforcement over pi ers according to S6. 10. 3. 7. Design Step 2. 19 Draw Schematic of Final Concrete Deck Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart Chart 3 Start Includes project specific design criteria (such as span configuration, girder configuration, initial spacing of cross frames, material properties, and deck slab design) and design criteria from AASHTO (such as load factors, resistance factors, and multiple presence factors). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed A Design Step 3. 2 Select Trial Girder Section Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Composite section? No Considerations include: Sequence of loading (S6. 10. 3. 1. 1a) Effective flange width (S4. 6. 2. 6) Design Step 10 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Composite Girder S6. 10. 3. 1 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Noncomposite Girder S6. 10. 3. 3 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 B Includes component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 4 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3. 5 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1 Considerations include: LL distribution factors (S4. . 2. 2) Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Includes load factors and load combinations for strength, service, and fatigue limit states. Considerations include: General proportions (6. 10. 2. 1) Web slenderness (6. 10. 2. 2) Flange proportions (6. 10. 2. 3) Go to: A No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment an d Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 3. Combine Load Effects S3. 4. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 3. 7 Check Section Proportion Limits S6. 10. 2 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Are section proportions adequate? Yes Go to: C No FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 C Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes No Composite section? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 8 Compute Plastic Moment Capacity S6. 10. 3. 1. 3 Appendix A6. 1 Considerations include: Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness (N only) Compression flange bracing (N only) Ductility (P only) Plastic forces and neutral axis (P only) Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. (Flexural resistance in terms of stress) Considerations include: Computations at end panels and interior panels for stiffened or partially stiffened girders Computation of shear resistance Check D/tw for shear Check web fatigue stress (S6. 10. 6. 4) Check handling requirements Check nominal shear resistance for constructability (S6. 10. 3. 2. 3) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 D Design Step 3. 9 Determine if Section is Compact or Noncompact S6. 10. 4. 1 Design Step 10 Yes Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. 4 (Flexural resistance in terms of moment) Compact section? No Design Step 3. 10 Design Step 3. 0 Design Step 3. 11 Design for Shear S6. 10. 7 Note: P denotes Positive Flexure. N denotes Negative Flexure. Go to: E FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 E No Transverse intermediate stiffeners? If no stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of an unstiffened web. Design includes: Select single-plate or double-plate Compute projecting width, moment of inertia, and area Check slenderness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 2) Check stiffness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 3) Check strength requirements (S6. 0. 8. 1. 4) If no longitudinal stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of either an unstiffened or a transversely stiff ened web, as applicable. Design includes: Determine required locations Select stiffener sizes Compute projecting width and moment of inertia Check slenderness requirements Check stiffness requirements Yes Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 12 Design Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed No Longitudinal stiffeners? Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 13 Design Longitudinal Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 3 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: F FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 F No Is stiffened web most cost effective? Yes Use unstiffened web in steel girder design. Use stiffened web in steel girder design. Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3. 14 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design for Flexure Fatigue and Fracture Limit State S6. 6. 1. 2 S6. 10. 6 No Are girder splices required? Yes Check: Fatigue load (S3. 6. 1. 4) Load-induced fatigue (S6. 6. 1. 2) Fatigue requirements for webs (S6. 10. 6) Distortion induced fatigue Fracture Compute: Live load deflection (optional) (S2. 5. 2. 6. 2) Permanent deflection (S6. 10. 5) Check: Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness Compression flange bracing Shear Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 15 Design for Flexure Service Limit State S2. 5. 2. 6. 2 S6. 10. 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 16 Design for Flexure Constructibility Check S6. 10. 3. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: G FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 5 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 G Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 17 Check Wind Effects on Girder Flanges S6. 10. 3. 5 Design Step 1 Refer to Design Step 3. 9 for determination of compact or noncompact section. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Have all positive and negative flexure design sections been checked? No Go to: D (and repeat flexural checks) Design Step 5 Yes Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Were all specification checks satisfied, and is the girder optimized? No Go to: A Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Yes Design Step 3. 18 Draw Schematic of Final Steel Girder Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 6 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart Chart 4 Start Includes: Splice location Girder section properties Material and bolt properties Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 4. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design Step 4. 2 Select Girder Section as Basis for Field Splice Design S6. 13. 6. 1. 1 Design bolted field splice based on the smaller adjacent girder section (S6. 13. 6. 1. 1). No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Left Design Step 5 Which adjacent girder section is smaller? Right Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design bolted field splice based on left adjacent girder section properties. Design bolted field splice based on right adjacent girder section properties. Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 4. 3 Compute Flange Splice Design Loads 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Includes: Girder moments Strength stresses and forces Service stresses and forces Fatigue stresses and forces Controlling and noncontrolling flange Construction moments and shears Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 Check: Yielding / fracture of splice plates Block shear rupture resistance (S6. 13. 4) Shear of flange bolts Slip resistance Minimum spacing (6. 13. 2. 6. 1) Maximum spacing for sealing (6. 13. 2. 6. 2) Maximum pitch for stitch bolts (6. 13. 2. 6. 3) Edge distance (6. 13. 2. 6. 6) Bearing at bolt holes (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1) Control of permanent deflection (6. 10. 5. 2) A Design Step 4. 4 Design Bottom Flange Splice 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 4. 5 Yes Design Top Flange Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Check: Refer to Design Step 4. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 4. 6 Design Step 7 Compute Web Splice Design Loads S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 8 Check: Girder shear forces Shear resistance for strength Web moments and horizontal force resultants for strength, service and fatigue Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 B Check: Bolt shear strength Shear yielding of splice plate (6. 13. 5. 3) Fracture on the net section (6. 13. 4) Block shear rupture resistance (6. 13. 4) Flexural yielding of splice plates Bearing resistance (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1. 2. 2) Both the top and bottom flange splices must be designed, and they are designed using the same procedures. Are both the top and bottom flange splice designs completed? No Go to: A Design Step 4. 7 Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Web Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Do all bolt patterns satisfy all specifications? No Go to: A Yes Design Step 4. 8 Draw Schematic of Final Bolted Field Splice Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart Chart 5 Start No Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Composite section? For a composite section, shear connectors are required to develop composite action between the steel girder and the concrete deck. Design includes: Shear connector details (type, length, diameter, transverse spacing, cover, penetration, and pitch) Design for fatigue resistance (S6. 10. 7. 4. 2) Check for strength limit state (positive and negative flexure regions) (S6. 10. 7. 4. 4) Design includes: Determine required locations (abutments and interior supports) Select stiffener sizes and arrangement Compute projecting width and effective section Check bearing resistance Check axial resistance Check slenderness requirements (S6. 9. 3) Check nominal compressive resistance (S6. 9. 2. 1 and S6. 9. 4. ) Design Step 1 Yes Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 5. 1 Yes Design Shear Connectors S6. 10. 7. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Design St ep 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 2 Design Bearing Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 2 Design Step 10 Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 A Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Design Welded Connections Step 5. 3 S6. 13. 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design includes: Determine required locations Determine weld type Compute factored resistance (tension, compression, and shear) Check effective area (required and minimum) Check minimum effective length requirements To determine the need for diaphragms or cross frames, refer to S6. . 4. 1. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 No Are diaphragms or cross frames required? Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 5. 4 Design Cross-frames S6. 7. 4 Go to: B Design includes: Obtain required locations and spacing (determined during girder design) Design cross frames over supports and intermediate cross frames Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check stability of girder compression flanges during erection Check distribution of vertical loads applied to structure Design cross frame members Design connections FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 B Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 No Is lateral bracing required? To determine the need for lateral bracing, refer to S6. 7. 5. 1. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Yes No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5. 5 Design Lateral Bracing S6. 7. 5 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design includes: Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check control of deformation during erection and placement of deck Design bracing members Design connections Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 6 Compute Girder Camber S6. 7. 2 Design Step 10 Return to Main Flowchart Compute the following camber components: Camber due to dead load of structural steel Camber due to dead load of concrete deck Camber due to superimposed dead load Camber due to vertical profile Residual camber (if any) Total camber FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bearing Design Flowchart Chart 6 Start Includes: Movement (longitudinal and transverse) Rotation (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Loads (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 6. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 6. 2 Select Optimum Bearing Type S14. 6. 2 See list of bearing types and selection criteria in AASHTO Table 14. 6. 2-1. Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Steelreinforced elastomeric bearing? No Design selected bearing type in accordance with S14. 7. Includes: Pad length Pad width Thickness of elastomeric layers Number of steel reinforcement layers Thickness of steel reinforcement layers Edge distance Material properties Method A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control (SC14. 7. 5. 1). Note: Method A is described in S14. 7. 6. Method B is described in S14. 7. 5. Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 A How to cite Bridge Construction, Essay examples

The European Renaissance Essay Thesis Example For Students

The European Renaissance Essay Thesis The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. The Renaissance was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church held most of the power and its economy was agriculturally based. Exploration and learning was almost put to a stop. During the Renaissance society was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. Also, peoples curiosity overcame their fear and many people started to venture out and explore. New schools and colleges became more and more common. The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan ,and Venice. Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist. Humanism was subjects concerned with humankind and culture. We will write a custom essay on The European Renaissance Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They studied various things such as Latin, Greek anguage, literature and philosophy. Music and mathematics were also studied as well. The Renaissance gave way to new forms of painting , art and sculpture. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathematics with art , in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and proportionally. As a result painters tried and often succeeded into making their painting a window nto the world. Artists also studied the way light hits objects and the way our eyes perceive light. A new kind of paint called oil paint was used. This allowed the artist to create texture , mix colors, and allow more time for corrections before it dried. The printing press was probably the most important advance in technology. Europeans first used movable metal type to print a book. On small pieces of metal they engraved single letters of the alphabet. These could then be arranged and rearranged to form words and sentences. Johan Gutenberg is usually given credit for the first ook printed, a copy of the Bible. By the 1500s printing presses where fairly well spread. The printing press had many effects on the world. First of all, it made books much easier to come by, which made them cheaper. That meant common people could afford them. As a result literacy became more widespread, in contrast to the Middle Ages where usually monks and church officials were the only able to read. Second, since many more people were able to read, they wanted to read subjects other than religious or scientific work. So books on other subjects were published as well. Also many books were published in anguages other than Latin, such as English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Italian. A third effect was that scholars had better access to one anothers work. They could also read the great works of the ancient and medieval periods. The Renaissance also had an effect on the general society. Many people became interested in politics. Also, people became interested in the world outside of their towns. Many became explorers, merchants, and map makers. Religion especially changed during the Renaissance. In the Middle ages people were primarily concerned with serving the church and getting to heaven. But he increase in arts and education gave people something to look forward to, and a life worth living. So in turn, people based their lives around various other things instead of the church. Because of the increase in literacy people learned that the Catholic Church only told the populous what they wanted them to hear. This caused many people to break away from the church and form Protestant religions. The Renaissance produced many great minds. Leonardo da Vinci was one of these. Although he was not regarded as a genius in his time. He had numerous works of art such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .postImageUrl , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:hover , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:visited , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:active { border:0!important; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:active , .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0f4b6d3504a500d41266b7a4a60db6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Food Disorders EssayHe also is now regarded as a great inventor. He is credited for coming up with the idea of the helicopter. He dissected corpses to learn more about human anatomy. Another great man was a German monk, Martin Luther. He taught Biblical studies at the University of Wittenberg. Luthers beliefs challenged the church although many people agreed with his ideas. He was eventually excommunicated from the church and he started Protestantism. In conclusion, the Renaissance was a time of new awakening in Europe. It include the general loss of power by the church, an increase in literacy and education, and an exploration period.